Developmental Theories

Development refers to

the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that begin at conception and continue throughout a lifetime.

Young children grow more quickly than older children, and by adulthood what ceases?

growth in height

The ability for an individual to progress through each developmental phase influences their

overall health

If an individual experiences repeated developmental failures

inadequacies sometimes result

A child who does not walk by 20 months may demonstrate what?

a delayed gross motor ability that slows exploration and manipulation of the environment

Biophysical development is

how our bodies grow and change

Understanding normal growth and development helps nurses do what?

predict, prevent, and detect deviation from the patients' expected patterns

An example of a biophysical development theory is

Gesell's theory of development

Which developmental theory states that each child's pattern of growth is unique and this pattern is directed by gene activity?

Gesell's theory of development

Psychoanalytical theories explain development as

primarily unconsious and influenced by emotions

Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development states that

individuals go through 5 stages of psychosexual development and that each stage is characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body

Freud believed that adult personality is the result of

how an individual resolved conflicts between the sources of pleasure and the mandates of reality

What are the 5 stages of Freud's theory?

Oral, anal, phallic or oedipal, latency, and genital

During Freud's oral stage of development what does an infant begin to realize?

that the mother or parent is something separate from self

Freud's theory: Birth to 18 months is the age time span for which stage of development?

oral

Freud's theory: 12-18 months to 3 years is the age time span for which stage of development?

anal

Freud's theory: 3-6 years is the age time span of which stage of development?

phallic or oedipal

What is the age time span for the latency stage of development?

6-12 years

Freud's theory: puberty through adulthood is the age time span for which stage of development?

genital

According to Freud, unresolved conflicts from prior stages of development usually surface during

adolescence

According to Freud, the ID is

basic instinctual impulses driven to achieve pleasure

According to Freud, the most primitive part of personality that originates in the infant

id

According to Frued, this component of personality helps people judge reality accurately, regualte impules, and make good decisions

ego

According to Freud, the ego

represents the reality component, mediating conflicts between environment and the forces of the id

According to Freud, the superego

performs regulating, restraining, and prohibiting actions

Which component is often referred to as the conscience

superego

Freud believed that the components of the human personality develop in stages and regulate behavior: these components are

id, ego, and superego

Erik Erikson maintained that

development occurred throughout the life span and focused on psycosocial stages

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that

individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully mastering the stage and progressing to the next stage

Erikson's first stage of development is

trust vs mistrust

What is the age time span for Erikson's "trust vs mistrust" stage

birth - 1 year

The formation of trust during the "trust vs mistrust" stage results in

faith and optimism

Trusting the parent leads to

the child trusting them self, and the world

The trust vs mistrust stage requires

a consistent caregiver who meets the child's needs

Erikson's second stage of development is

autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt

What is the age time span for Erikson's "autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt" stage

1 - 3 years

By what stage in Erikson's theory has a child usually become more accomplished in walking, feeding, and toileting?

autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt

According to Erikson's second stage of development (autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt), how does a toddler develop autonomy

by making choices

According to Erikson's "autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt" stage, limiting choices and/or enacting harsh punishment leads to

feelings of shame and doubt

A child who successfully masters the "autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt" stage achieves

self-control and willpower

What is Erikson's third stage of development

initiative vs guilt

What is the age time span for Erikson's "initiative vs guilt" stage?

3 - 6 years

At what stage of Erikson's theory do children begin to develop their superego (conscience)?

initiative vs guilt

During Erikson's "initiative vs guilt" stage conflicts often occur between

the child's desire to explore and the limits placed on his or her behavior which sometimes leads to frustrations or guilt

Guilt can occur during Erikson's "initiative vs guilt" stage if

caregivers responses are too harsh

Successful completion of Erikson's "initiative vs guilt" stage results in

direction and purpose

Teaching a child ___ and __ helps family members avoid the risks of altered growth and development during the "initiative vs guilt" stage.

impulse control & cooperative behaviors

What is the fourth stage of Erikson's theory

industry vs inferiority

What is the age time span for Erikson's "industry vs inferiority" stage

6 - 11 years

According to Erikson's theory, when do children develop a sense of inadequacy & inferiority

when children do not have proper support for learning new skills or if skills are too difficult

During which stage of Erikson's theory are children eager to apply themselves to learning socially productive skills and tools and learning to play and work with their peers?

industry vs inferiority

The fifth stage of Erikson's theory is

identity vs role confusion

What is the age time span for Erikson's "identity vs role confusion" stage

puberty

What stage does dramatic physiological changes associated with sexual maturation occur?

identity vs role confusion

Mastering the "identity vs role confusion" stage results in

devotion and fidelity to others and to their own ideals

What is the sixth stage of Erikson's theory

intimacy vs isolation

Erikson portrayed intimacy as

finding the self and losing the self in another

Isolation usually results during the "intimacy vs isolation" stage because he/she

fears rejection and disappointment if companionship and intimacy is not established

What is the seventh stage of Erikson's theory?

generativity vs self-absorption and stagnation

What is the age time span for Erikson's "generativity vs self-absorption and stagnation" stage?

middle age

What is the eighth stage of Erikson's theory?

integrity vs despair

What is the age time span for Erikson's "integrity vs despair" stage?

old age

Temperament is

a behavioral style that affects an individual's emotional interactions with others

The 3 basic classes of temperament are

the easy child, difficult child, and slow to warm up child

Cognitive development theories stress how

people learn to think and make sense of their world

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes

4 periods that are related to age and demonstrate specific categories of knowing and understanding

During which period of Piaget's theory is object permanence learned

sensorimotor

Completion of which of Piaget's stages leads to greater exploration of a child?

sensorimotor

Period I of Piaget's theory is also called the ___ stage

sensorimotor

Piaget's "sensorimotor" period involves which age time span?

birth to 2 years

During the sensorimotor period of Piaget's theory children develop

schemas

Schemas are

actions for dealing with the environment

Schemas that children often exhibit during the sensorimotor period are

hitting, looking, grasping, and kicking

Period II of Piaget's theory is also called the ___ stage

preoperational

Piaget's "preoperational" period involves which age time span?

2 to 7 years

During what period of Piaget's theory do children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images

preoperational

During what period of Piaget's theory do children exhibit egocentrism and animism

preoperational

During the preoperational period of Piaget's theory children's thinking is grealty influenced by

fantasy and magical thinking

During the preoperational period children have difficulty

conceptualizing time

During what period of Piaget's theory are children finally able to describe a process without actually doing it

concrete operations

During the concrete operations period of Piaget's theory children exhibit reversibility which is when

they can mentally picture steps and reverse the steps to get back to the starting point

Period III of Piaget's theory is also called the ___ stage

concrete operations

Piaget's "concrete operations" period involves which age time span?

7 to 11 years

During which period of Piaget's theory is seriation and conservation achieved?

concrete operations

Period IV of Piaget's theory is also called the ___ stage

formal operations

Piaget's "formal operations" period involves which age time span?

11 years to adulthood

During the transition from the concrete operational period to formal operational period, what is prevalent?

egocentrism

The proposed fifth stage of cognitive development is

postformal thought

Moral development refers to

changes in a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that influence beliefs about what is right and wrong

Kohlberg's theory of moral development involves what 3 levels?

preconventional reasoning, conventional reasoning, postconventional reasoning