Digital Solutions External Exam

Unit 3 and 4 Revision

Extensible Markup Language; XML

Hierarchical method for text data storage, that constructs like a tree and utilises name value pairs.

Availability

The possibility that someone may interfere with the transmission to prevent the data packets from reaching the intended destination.

Confidentiality

The possibility that an unauthorised person will see the data in transit.

Integrity

The possibility that someone may intercept the data message and will maliciously modify or replace it.

Symmetric Encryption

Encryption algorithms that use a single key to encrypt and decrypt a message.

Triple Data Encryption Standard; TripleDES

Symmetric encryption algorithm that encrypts data three times using a different key for each iteration. It is used in ATMs to encrypt PINs.

Blowfish and Twofish

Open source symmetric encryption algorithms that split messages into blocks of 64 or 128 bits, encrypting each block individually. It is used for application level encryption.

Advanced Encryption Standard; AES

Symmetric block cipher.

Asymmetric Encryption

Encryption algorithms that use separate keys to encrypt and decrypt a message.

Rivest-Shamir-Adleman; RSA

Asymmetrical mathematical algorithm involving prime numbers and the Euclidian algorithm. Used by most URLs beginning with "https://" to encrypt the transmissions between devices and the web server.

Pretty Good Privacy; PGP

Algorithm that uses a symmetric key to encrypt data which is protected by an asymmetric key.

Digital signature

Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of a digital message or document.

OAuth2

An application token that acts as a digital keys, used to access protected data.

Checksum

Verify if data has not being modified during transmission or storage. They are used to validate integrity (not authenticity).

Message Authentication Code; MAC

Symmetric key cryptographic technique that checks to see whether a message has been modified.

Hashing

Cryptographic techniques that takes a plaintext password and creates a random, fixed length string of characters.

Salt

A randomly generated additional string of characters that is added to each user's individual password before hashing and storing it.

Pepper

A secret randomly generated additional string of characters that is often stored separately from the hashed password.

Message Digest 5; MD5

One-way hash function used to create digital signatures, encrypt passwords and verify data integrity.

Latency

The delay between when an application requests data and until the data is received.

Serialisation

When the size of the packet and the speed of the network interface causes delay, resulting in latency.

Propagation

When the distance between the device and the server causes delay, resulting in latency.

Switching

When routers redirect or change flow or network traffic, resulting in latency or jitter.

Queuing

When the network is congested, resulting in latency or jitter.

Jitter

The irregular latency in data exchanges, resulting in applications not running smoothly.

Load balancing

When there are two or more paths to a destination with equal cost metrics and packets arrive out of order, resulting in jitter.

Quality of Service; QoS

Networking standards that prioritise some packets over others to reduce latency and/or jitter.

Timeliness of Delivery

Currency of a data packet at the time it is received, measured by comparing the timestamp of the packet to its delivery deadline and counting the number of packets that arrive after the deadline.

Australian Privacy Principles (2014); APP

Applicable sets standards, right and obligations, that consists of: the collection use and disclosure of personal information; a organisation or agency's governance and accountability; integrity and correction of personal information; the rights of individuals to access their personal information.

Internet Protocol; IP

Set of rule for routing and addressing packets of data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol; HTTP

Application transfer protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems that allows users to communicate data on the World Wide Web.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure; HTTPS

A secure version of HTTP that uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocols to encrypt the transmission using public key encryption methods.

File Transfer Protocol; FTP

Is an application layer protocol used to exchange files over the Internet. It is used by web developers to upload files to a web server.

Virtual Private Network; VPN

Encrypted connections between two network devices.

Representational State Transfer; REST

Client-server architecture for manipulating an internet resource at a specific URL.

JavaScript Object Notation; JSON

Data exchange protocol based on JavaScript and is the standard for exchanging key-value data pairs.

Vigenere Cipher

Encryption algorithm that uses simple polyalphabetic code; made up of 26 distinct cipher alphabets.

Caesar Cipher

Encryption algorithm that shifts the alphabet by some number of characters.

One-time pad

An encryption algorithm that uses of a one-time pre-shared key the same size as, or longer than, the message being sent.

Gronsfeld Cipher

A variation of the Vigenere cipher in which a key number is used instead of a keyword.

User Datagram Protocol; UDP

A transport layer protocol that has minimal protocol mechanisms. There are no handshaking dialogues and hence is unreliable and does not guarantee delivery.

Transmission Control Protocol; TCP

A transport layer protocol that provides reliable data streaming with error correction and handshake dialogues.