Abnormal Psychology - Final Exam (DeWitt, Cedarville University)

personality disorder

enduring maladaptive patterns for relating to the environment and self, exhibited in a range of contexts that cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress

paranoid personality disorder

cluster a (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent

schizoid personality disorder

cluster a (odd or eccentric) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions

schizotypal personality disorder

cluster a (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior

antisocial personality disorder

cluster b (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

psychopathy

non-DSM-5 category similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis on overt behavior. indicators include superficial charm, lack of remorse, and other personality characteristics

borderline personality disorder

cluster b (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

promising treatment for borderline personality disorder that involves exposing the client to stressors in a controlled situation, as well as helping the client regulate emotions and cope with stressors that might trigger suicidal behavior

histrionic personality disorder

cluster b (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

narcissistic personality disorder

cluster b (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

avoidant personality disorder

cluster c (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism

dependent personality disorder

cluster c (anxious or fearful) personality disorder characterized by a person's pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them

schizophrenia

devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior

catatonia

disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation.

hebephrenia

silly and immature emotionality, a characteristic of some types of schizophrenia

paranoia

people's irrational beliefs that they are especially important (delusions of grandeur) or that other people are seeking to do them harm

dementia praecox

latin term meaning "premature loss of mind," an early label for what is now called schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder's frequent appearance during adolescence. called démence précoce in france

associative splitting

separation among basic functions of human personality (for example, cognition, emotion, and perception) seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia

psychotic behavior

severe psychological disorder category characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality

positive symptoms

more overt symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, displayed by some people with schizophrenia

delusion

psychotic symptoms involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality

hallucination

psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present

negative symptoms

less outgoing symptoms, such as flat affect and poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia

avolition

apathy, or the inability to initiate or persist in important activities

alogia

deficiency in the amount or content of speech

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

flat affect

apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected

disorganized speech

style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns

inappropriate affect

emotional displays that are improper for the situation

catatonic immobility

disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods

schizophreniform disorder

psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months

schizoaffective disorder

psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder

delusional disorder

psychotic disorder featuring a persistent belief contrary to reality but no other symptoms of schizophrenia

shared psychotic disorder (folie à deux)

psychotic disturbance in which individuals develop a delusion similar to that of a person with whom they share a close relationship

substance-induced psychotic disorder

psychosis caused by the ingestion of medications, psychoactive drugs, or toxins

psychotic disorder associated with another medical condition

condition that is characterized by hallucinations or delusions and that is the direct result of another physiological disorder, such as stroke or brain tumor

brief psychotic disorder

psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor

attenuated psychosis syndrome

disorder involving the onset of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, which puts a person at high risk for schizophrenia

prodromal stage

second of e. morton jellinek's four stages identified in the progression of alcoholism, featuring heavy drinking but with few outward signs of a problem

schizophrenogenic mother

according to an obsolete, unsupported theory, a cold, dominating, and rejecting parent who was thought to cause schizophrenia in her offspring

double bind communication

according to an obsolete, unsupported theory, the practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia

expressed emotion (EE)

hostility, criticism, and overinvolvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder. this can often contribute to the person's relapse

token economy

social learning behavior modification system in which individuals earn items they can exchange for desired rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors

delirium

rapid-onset reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition, with confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language

major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)

gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects memory, judgment, language, and other advanced cognitive processes

mild neurocognitive disorder

modest impairment in cognitive abilities that can be overcome with accommodations such as extensive lists or elaborate schedules

agnosia

inability to recognize and name objects

facial agnosia

type of agnosia characterized by a person's inability to recognize even familiar faces

alzheimer's disease

"strange disease of the cerebral cortex" that causes an "atypical form of senile dementia," discovered in 1906 by german psychiatrist alois alzheimer

neurocognitive disorder due to alzheimer's type

condition resulting from a disease that develops most often in people 50 and older, characterized by multiple cognitive defects that develop gradually and steadily

vascular neurocognitive disorder

progressive brain disorder involving loss of cognitive functioning, caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain, that appears concurrently with other neurological signs and symptoms

head trauma

injury to the head and, therefore, to the brain, typically caused by accidents; can lead to cognitive impairments, including memory loss

frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder

condition that damages the frontal or temporal regions of the brain; behavior or language is negatively affected

pick's disease

rare condition that results in early onset neurocognitive disorder

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

brain damage caused by a blow to the head or other trauma that injures the brain and results in diminished neurocognitive capacity

neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

condition resulting from jarring of the brain caused by a blow to the head or other impact; symptoms persist for at least a week after the initial trauma

neurocognitive disorder due to lewy body disease

neurological impairment that affects people with lewy body disease, in which protein deposits damage brain cells and gradually cause motor impairments and loss of alertness

neurocognitive disorder due to parkinson's disease

disorder characterized by progressive decline in motor movements; results from damage to dopamine pathways

parkinson's disease

degenerative brain disorder principally affecting motor performance (for example, tremors and stooped posture) associated with reduction in dopamine. major neurocognitive disorder may be a result as well

human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)

disease that causes AIDS

neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection

less common type of neurocognitive disorder that affects people who have HIV; may lead to impaired thinking in advanced stages

aphasia

impairment or loss of language skills resulting from brain damage caused by stroke, alzheimer's disease, or other illness or trauma

huntington's disease

genetic disorder marked by involuntary limb movements and progressing to major neurocognitive disorder

neurocognitive disorder due to huntington's disease

neurological disorder that follows a subcortical pattern and is notable for causing involuntary limb movements

neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease

rare progressive neruodegenerative disorder caused by prions, proteins that can reproduce themselves and cause damage to brain cells

creutzfeldt-jakob disease

extremely rare type of prion disease that may result from a number of sources, including the consumption of beef from cattle with "mad cow disease"

substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder

brain damage caused by prolonged use of drugs, often in combination with a poor diet

deterministic

in genetics, genes that lead to nearly a 100% chance of developing the associated disorder. these are rare in the population

susceptibility

in genetics, genes that only slightly increase the risk of developing the disorder, but in contrast to the deterministic genes, these are more common in the general population

_____ refers to a condition in which people with personality disorders are diagnosed with other disorders.

comorbidity

The personality disorders are divided into three clusters or groups: _____ contains the odd or eccentric disorders; _____ contains the dramatic, emotional, and erratic disorders; and _____ contains the anxious and fearful disorders.

cluster a, cluster b, cluster c

It's debated whether personality disorders are extreme versions of otherwise normal personality variations (therefore classified as dimensions) or ways of relating that are different from psychologically healthy behavior (classified as _____).

categories

Personality disorders are described as _____ because unlike many disorders, they originate in childhood and continue throughout adulthood.

chronic

Although gender differences are evident in the research of personality disorders, some differences in the findings may be the result of _____.

bias

main belief associated with paranoid personality disorder

i cannot trust people

main belief associated with schizotypal personality disorder

it's better to be isolated from others

main belief associated with schizoid personality disorder

relationships are messy, undesirable

main belief associated with histrionic personality disorder

people are there to serve or admire me

main belief associated with narcissistic personality disorder

since i am special, i deserve special rules

main belief associated with borderline personality disorder

i deserve to be punished

main belief associated with antisocial personality disorder

i am entitled to break rules

main belief associated with avoidant personality disorder

if people knew the "real" me, they will reject me

main belief associated with dependent personality disorder

i need people to survive, be happy

main belief associated with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

people should do better, try harder

diagnostic criteria for independent personality disorder

- puts work (career) above relationships with loved ones

- is reluctant to take into account others' needs when making decisions, especially concerning the individual's career or use of leisure time

- passively allows others to assume responsibility for major areas of social life because of inability to express necessary emotion

dimensions

extreme versions of otherwise normal personality variations

categories

ways of relating that are different from psychologically healthy behavior

list of cluster a personalities

- paranoid personality disorder

- schiziod personality disorder

- schizotypal personality disorder

list of cluster b personalities

- antisocial personality disorder

- borderline personality disorder

- histrionic personality disorder

- narcissitic personality disorder

list of cluster c personalities

- avoidant personality disorder

- dependent personality disorder

- obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

"big five" factors/dimensions

1. extroversion

2. agreeableness

3. conscientiousness

4. neuroticism

5. openness to experience

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food (for example, deliberate vomiting, laxative abuse, and excessive exercise)

binge

relatively brief episode of uncontrolled excessive consumption, usually of food or alcohol

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by recurrent food refusal, leading to dangerously low body weight

binge-eating disorder (BED)

pattern of eating involving distress-inducing binges not followed by purging behaviors; being considered as a new DSM diagnostic category

obesity

excess of body fat resulting in a body mass index (BMI, a ration of weight to height) of 30 or more

purging techniques

in the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, the self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse used to compensate for excessive food ingestion (binging)

night eating syndrome

consuming a third or more of daily food intake after the evening meal and getting out of bed at least once during the night to have a high-calorie snack. in the morning, however, individuals with night eating syndrome are not hungry and do not usually eat breakfast. these individuals do not binge during their night eating and seldom purge

bariatric surgery

surgical approach to extreme obesity, usually accomplished by stapling the stomach to create a small stomach pouch or bypassing the stomach through gastric bypass surgery