Midterm 2 Bio 37

Which of the following statement is true?

A.) More than one answer choices are correct.

B.) Different neurodegenerative diseases can be caused by different isoform of the tau protein.

C.) All tau protein becomes hyperphosphorylated and form tangles in normal aging.

D.) Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is not a neurodegenerative disease.

E.) Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is caused by a single traumatic brain injury to the brain.

B.) different nuerodegnerative diseases can be caused by different isoform of the tau protein.

_____________ provide structure and serve as tracks for transport of cellular elements.

A.) Tau proteins

B.) Amyloid proteins

C.) Synucleins

D.) Tangle

A.) Tau proteins

How do prions cause neurodegeneration?

A.) They create ion channels that damage neurons

B.) They cause the accumulation of abnormal proteins that form fibrils.

C.) They trigger an autoimmune response that damages neurons

D.) They infect and kill microglia

B.) they cause the accumulation of abnormal proteins that form fibrils.

Which of the following is NOT a prion disease in humans?

A.) Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

B.) Kuru

C.) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

D.) Alzheimer's disease

D.) Alzheimers Disease

Which of the following statements about Huntington's disease is accurate?

A.) Huntington's disease is typically diagnosed in infancy

B.) Gene therapy has cured Huntington's disease

C.) Huntington's disease is caused by an overproduction of the Tau protein in the brain

D.) Huntington's disease is a hereditary disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain

D.) Huntington's disease is a hereditary disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.

How does the length of the CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene affect the disease progression of HD?

A.) Longer CAG repeats result in earlier onset and more severe symptoms

B.) Shorter CAG repeats result in later onset and more severe symptoms

C.) Longer CAG repeats result in later onset and less severe symptoms

D.) Shorter CAG repeats result in earlier onset and more severe symptoms

A.) Longer CAG repeats result in earlier onset and more severe symptoms

Which of the following is a non-pharmacological treatment option for Parkinson's disease?

A.) All options are correct

B.) Deep brain stimulation

C.) Memantine

D.) Levodopa

B.) Deep Brain Stimulation

What region of the brain is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?

A.) Cerebellum

B.) Substantia nigra

C.) Hippocampus

D.) Amygdala

B.) Substantia Nigra

Which of the following is a variant of FTD that is characterized by inappropriate social activities?

A.) Behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD)

B.) Semantic dementia

C.) Tauopathy

D.) Progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA

A.) Behavioral Variant FTD (bvFTD)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic pathological feature of FTD?

A.) TDP-43 protein accumulation

B.) FUS protein accumulation

C.) Amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein accumulation

D.) Tau protein accumulation

C.) Amyloid-beta (AB) protein accumlation

Which form of FTD is associated with language impairment and is often the result of frontal lobar degeneration?

A.) Behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD)

B.) Progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA)

C.) Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

D.) Vascular Dementia (VD)

B.) Progressive Nonfluent Aphasia (PNFA)

Which of the following is a secondary tauopathy?

A.)Huntington's disease (HD)

B.)Alzheimer's disease (AD)

C.) Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD)

D.) Lewy body dementia (LBD)

B.) Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

What is the most common type of dementia?

A.)Parkinson's disease dementia

B.) Vascular dementia

C.) Alzheimer's disease

D.) Frontotemporal dementia

C.) Alzheimer's Disease

Which of the following is NOT a clinical symptom of Alzheimer's disease?

A.) Increase in muscle rigidity and tremors

B.) Difficulty with language and communication

C.) Memory loss

D.) Changes in mood and personality

A.) Increase in muscle rigidity and tremors

Which of the following is a recommended prevention strategy for Alzheimer's disease?

A.) Smoking cessation

B.) A high-fat diet

C.) Excessive alcohol consumption

D.) Regular exercise

D.) regular exercise

What is the role of beta-amyloid protein in the development of Alzheimer's disease?

A.) It causes neuroinflammation and neuron death

B.) It forms amyloid plaques in the brain

C.) It forms neurofibrillary tangles in the brain

D.) It interferes with neurotransmitter release in the brain

B.) it forms amyloid plaques in the brain

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of which two types of abnormal protein deposits in the brain?

A.) White matter lesions and demyelination

B.) Amyloid plaques and tau tangles

C.) Neurotransmitter deposits and synapse loss

D.) Lewy bodies and neurofibrillary tangles

B.) Amyloid Plaques and tau tangles

Which of the following is an irreversible form of dementia?

A.) Dementia with Lewy bodies

B.) Vascular dementia

C.) Parkinson's disease

D.) All options are correct.

D.) all options are correct

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing dementia?

A.) Age

B.) Education level

C.) Income

D.) Blood type

A.) Age

Which of the following is NOT a common type of dementia?

A.) Parkinson's disease

B.) Schizophrenia

C.) Dementia with Lewy bodies

D.) Alzheimer's disease

B.) Schizophrenia

Which of the following is a biological process that is associated with brainaging?

A.) An increase in neurogenesis

B.) An increase in synaptic activity

C.) An increase in myelination

D.) A decrease in cerebral blood flow

D.) A decrease in cerebral blood flow

Which of the following is a reason why research into aging and brain health is important?

A.) Because the brain does not change as we age

B.) Because aging is a normal process that can be optimized

C.) Because only young people need to worry about brain health

D.) Because aging is a disease that needs to be cured

B.) Because aging is a normal process that can be optimized

Which of the following is a key difference between brain aging and dementia?

A.) Brain aging is a normal process, while dementia is a disease

B.) Brain aging is reversible, while dementia is irreversible

C.) Brain aging only affects memory, while dementia affects all cognitive functions

D.) Brain aging and dementia are the same thing

A.) brain aging is a normal process, while dementia is a disease.

Which of the following interventions has been shown to improve overall brain health in older adults?

A.) Consuming a high-fat diet

B.) Taking antioxidant supplements

C.) Engaging in physical exercise

D.) Engaging in cognitive activities alone

C.) Engaging in physcial exercise

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive intervention that has been shown to improve brain health in older adults?

A.) Learning a new language

B.) Eating chocolate

C.) Watching television

D.) Taking a nap

A.) learning a new language

Which of the following is an umbrella term for disorders that affect thinking and memory?

A.) Parkinson's disease

B.) Alzheimer's disease

C.) Huntington's disease

D.) Dementia

D.) Dementia

Which of the following types of dementia is caused by a series of small strokes?

A.) Parkinson's disease

B.) Vascular dementia

C.) Alzheimer's disease

D.) Dementia with Lewy bodies

B.) Vascular Dementia

Which of the following is a type of dementia caused by a buildup of protein in the brain?

A.) Alzheimer's Disease

B.) Parkinson's Disease

C.) Vascular dementia

D.) Dementia with Lewy bodies

A.) Alzheimer's Disease

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

A.) Slowness of movement

B.) Rigidity

C.) Memory loss

D.) Tremors

C.) memory loss

Which of the following is NOT a clinical symptom of Alzheimer's disease?

A.) Memory loss

B.) Changes in mood and personality

C.) Difficulty with movement and coordination

D.) Difficulty with language and communication

C.) difficulty with movement and coordination

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition that:

A.) Is a normal part of aging

B.) Can be reversed with medication

C.) Involves significant memory loss and cognitive decline

D.) Is a precursor to Alzheimer's disease

D.) Is a precursor to Alzheimer's Disease

Which of the following is not a biomarker associated with Alzheimer's disease?

A.) Amyloid beta plaques

B.) Tau protein tangles

C.) Brain atrophy

D.) Blood pressure levels

D.) Blood pressure levels

Which of the following is NOT a primary tauopathy?

A.) Corticobasal degeneration (CBD)

B.) Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

C.) Pick's disease

D.) Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

D.) Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)

Which of the following is a fluid biomarker used to aid in the diagnosis of FTD?

A.) Amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein

B.) Alpha-synuclein protein

C.) Tau protein

D.) Huntington protein

C.) Tau Protein

Which of the following is a molecular pathway that has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease?

A.) Oxidative stress

B.) Insulin resistance

C.) Glutamate excitotoxicity

D.) All of the above

D.) All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a major symptom of Huntington's disease?

A.) Psychiatric symptoms

B.) Involuntary movements

C.) Muscle weakness

D.) Cognitive decline

C.) Muscle Weakness

Which brain region is most affected by the degeneration seen in Huntington's disease?

A.) Hippocampus

B.) Thalamus

C.) Cerebellum

D.) Striatum

D.) Striatum

Which of the following best describes prions?

A.) Abnormal proteins

B.) Bacteria

C.) Viruses

D.) Fungi

A.) Abnormal Proteins

Which of the following is a way that prion diseases can be transmitted?

A.) Organ donation

B.) Eating contaminated meat

C.) All options are correct.

D.) Unsterilized medical instruments

C.) All options are correct

Which of the following is NOT a prion disease in humans?

A.) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

B.) Alzheimer's disease

C.) Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

D.) Kuru

B.) Alzheimer's Disease

What is a pathological hallmark of prion diseases?

A.) Lewy bodies

B.) Prion protein deposits

C.) Neurofibrillary tangles

D.) Beta-amyloid plaques

B.) Prion Protein Deposits

What is the main medication used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

A.) Valium

B.) Levodopa

C.) Cocaine

D.) Morphine

B.) Levodopa

Huntingtons disease is the only trinucleotide repeat disorde affecting the brain:

TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE ( other examples of trinucleotide repeats : fragile x syndrome, HD, Friedreichs Axtia, Myotonic Dystrophy, etc.)

Which is a current therapeutic approach for the treatment of Parkisons Disease?

L-Dopa (dopamine precursor) & surgical deep brain stimulation

Which of the following is NOT a motor impariemnt in Parkisons Disease?

A.) Rigidity

B.) Chorea (dancing like movement)

C.) Tremors

D.) Postural Instability

B.) Chorea (dancing like movement)

Which of the following are NOT part of the frontotemporal degeneration subtypes :

A.) Vascular Dementia

B.) Progressive Non-fluent Aphasia

C.) Behavioral Varient Frontotemporal Dementia

D.) Semantic Dementia

A.) Vascular Dementia

Is AD considered to be a primary tauopathy?

YES OR NO

NO, AD is a secondary tauopathy. you don't only have tau & beta, secondary just stands for something else working with that disease.

Tau is usually very soluble but ____ makes it insoluble and prone to aggregations

A.) Protein

B.) Hyperphosphorylation

C.) Amyloid

D.) Tauopathy

B.) Hyperphosphorylation

Which of the following lifestyle activities has been linked to reduce risk of developing AD?

A.) Aerobic exercise

B.) Obtaining a college degree

C.) Playing board games

D.) Social interaction

E.) All of the above

E.) all of the above

Older white individuals are more likley to develop AD than older African American or hipsanic individuals.

TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE!

Is huntington disease subcotricol demntia?

TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

What is an example of cortisol dementia ?

A.) Alzheimer's Disease

B.) Huntington's Disease

C.) Parkisons Disease

A.)Alzheimer's Disease

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding adult neurogenesis?

A.) Neurogenesis decreases with aging

B.) Exercise can increase neurogenesis in adults

C.) There is evidence for localized neurogenesis in the SVZ (subventricular zone) and hippocampus.

D.) Adult neurogenesis stops in adulthood

E.) A, B, C

F.) None of the above

E.) A, B, C

What is prion disease caused by?

A.) Genetics

B.) Infectious Proteins

C.) Physical contact by saliva

D.) None of the above

How is Huntington's Disease diagnosed?

A.) through genetic exam

B.) Cannot be diagnosed

C.) With physical exam

D.) Family history

E.) A,C, D, but not B.

E.) A, C, D but not B

Parkinson's disease is characterized as a :

A.) A protein

B.) A prion disease

C.) Neurodegenerative disease

D.) None of the above

C.) Neurodegenerative disease.

Which of the following is characteristic of mild cognitive impairment?

A.) Loss of all reasoning

B.) Memory Loss

C.) Delusions

D.) Verbal & Physical agressions

B.) Memory Loss

_______ are beta-amyloid protein aggregates that form clusters of misfolded protein outside the cell bodies

A.) Plaques

B.) Protein

C.) Disease

D.) Kuru

A.) Plaques

What is the term describing difficulties in object recognition without sensory impairments?

A.) Aphasia

B.) Agnosia

C.) Apraxia

D.) Acalculia

B.) Agnosia

Exercise can prevent and delay forms of dementia?

True or False

TRUE

Dementia is a normal part of aging...

TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE, it is not a normal part of aging

What part of the brain volume decrease/changes with age?

A.) white matter

B.) Grey matter

C.) Hippocampus

D.) Cerebellum

E.) A & B

F.) None of the above

E.) A & B

What decreases MORE during dementia?

A.) Myelin Sheath

B.) Corpus Collusum

C.) Nothing

D.) Nuerons

E.) A & D

F.) NONE

E.) A & D

What is nuerogensis?

A.) Something used to visualize new cells and capture them to see what is affecting the cells.

B.) Low attention levels

C.) process in which neurons are generated from neural stem cells & progenitor cells. It is responsible for populating the growing brain with neurons.

D.) None of the above

C.) process in which neurons are generated from neural stem cells & progenitor cells. It is responsible for populating the growing brain with neurons.

Where does nuerogensis occur?

A.) Straitum

B.) sub-granular zone & the sub-ventricular zone

C.) Hippocampus

D.) In the brain

B.) sub-granular zone & the sub-ventricular zone

What are specific disorders based off on?

A.) demyelinating diseases & toxic Substances

B.) Bullet Wounds & Strokes

C.) None of the above

B.) Bullet wounds & strokes (specific disorders depend on the area of the brain affected) focal damage

What are generalized disorders based off?

A.) Bullet wounds & strokes

B.) dementing disorders & toxic substances

C.) None of the above

B.) dementing disorders & toxic substances (affect multiple cognitive abilities) widespread damage

What is aphasia?

A.) loss of ability to understand or express speech

B.) the inability to perform simple mathematical calculations of patients previously known.

C.) Deficit in recognizing objects that occurs in the absence of deficits in sensory processing

D.) inability to link skilled motor movement to ideas or representations.

A.) Loss of ability to understand and express speech

What is acalculia?

A.) Deficit in recognizing objects that occurs in the absence of deficits in sensory processing

B.) the inability to perform simple mathematical calculations of patients previously known.

C.) loss of ability to understand or express speech

D.) None of the above

B.) the inability to perform simple mathematical calculations of patients previously known.

What is agnosia?

A.) loss of ability to understand or express speech

B.) NONE

C.) Deficit in recognizing objects that occurs in the absence of deficits in sensory processing

D.) the inability to perform simple mathematical calculations of patients previously known.

C.) deficit in recognizing objects that occurs in the absence of deficits in sensory processing.

What is apraxia?

A.) the inability to perform simple mathematical calculations of patients previously known.

B.) NONE

C.) inability to link skilled motor movement to ideas or representations.

D.) loss of ability to understand or express speech

C.) inability to link skilled motor movement to ideas or representations.

Dementias that are located in the cortisol?

A.) Parkison's & Huntington's disease

B.) AD & Frontotemporal Dementia & Prion diseases

C.) Just Parkisons Disease

B.) AD & Frontotemporal Dementia & Prion diseases

Dementias located in the sub-cortisol?

A.) AD & Frontotemporal Dementia & Prion diseases

B.) Parkison's & Huntington's disease

C.) Just prion diseases

D.) None of the above

B.) parkison's & huntingtons disease

Dementias that are known as mixed dementias since they are located in both cortisol & sub-cortisol?

A.) Parkison's & Huntington's disease

B.) Vascular Dementia & Lewy Bodies

C.) AD & Frontotemporal Dementia & Prion diseases

D.) NONE

B.) Vascular Dementia & Lewy Bodies

Where two places are there usually a shrinkage in frontotemporal dementia (FTD)?

A.) Brain & Hippocampus

B.) Amygdala & Brainstem

C.) fronto & temporal lobes

D.) NONE

C.) Fronto & temporal lobes

What type of dementia is similar to AD?

A.) Dementia w/Lewy Bodies

B.) Frontemporal dementia

C.) prion disease

A.) dementia w/lewy bodies ( similar in congitive features)

What are risk factors of vascular dementia?

A.) high blood pressure

B.) Diabetes

C.) Obesity

D.) smoking

E.) High cholesterol

F ) ALL OF THE ABOVE

F.) All of the above ( family history of heart problems as well)

What IS one of Parkinsons' main symptoms?

A.) Tremors

B.) Chorea

C.) Behavioral changes

D.) NONE of the above

A.) Tremors

What is one of Huntington's Disease main symptoms?

A.) Rigidity

B.) Chorea

C.) Tremors

D.) None of the above

B.) Chorea

Is it true that AD is non-progressive and reversible with treatment?

TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

What are treatments used for AD at the moment?

A.) Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor & Memantine

B.) Brain stimulation

C.) None of the above

A.) Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor & Memantine

What is the second most common neurodegenerative disease?

A.) Alzheimer's Disease

B.) Parkison Disease

C.) Huntington's Disease

D.) Prion disease

B.) parkisons disease

What were some of the animal models used in PD?

A.) Pufferfish & goldfish

B.) Zebrafish & medaka fish

C.) Mice & Rodents

D.) None of the above

E.) B & C

F.) A & C

E.) B & C

What is a health gene repeat?

A.) 37-80

B.) 10-26

C.) 30-60

D.) 50-80

B.) 10-26

What ends up degenerating/shrinking in HD?

A.) Straitum, cortex, brain, striatum

B.) Basal Ganglia, cortex, brain, MSN loss in striatum

C.) Fronto Lobes, temporal lobes, brain, MSN loss in striatum

D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE

B.) Basal Ganglia, cortex, brain, MSN loss of striatum

What does MSN loss in the striautm affect?

A.) Caudate nucleus & putamen

B.) fronto lobes & temporal lobes

C.) Cortex & brain

D.) NONE

A.) Caudate nucleus & putamen

HTT gene helps makes a protein called _____

A.) Enzymes

B.) Hormonal proteins

C.) Huntingtin

D.) Antibodies

C.) Huntingtin

Therapy that is NOT used to reduce Huntington's Disease...

A.) physical therapy, speech therapy, Gene therapy

b.) Brain stimulation, speech therapy, physical therapy

C.) NONE

B.) Brain stimulation, speech therapy, physical therapy

Prion disease or TSE's is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorders

TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE, it is RARE

What are the causative agents of TSE's?

A.) A-Beta

B.) Amyloid

C.) Proteins

D.) A & B

C.) Proteins

What is the infectious protein in prion disease?

A.) PrPc

B.) HSPs

C.) Prpsc

D.) CLIPS

C.) Prpsc. (sc= scary/infectious)

What is the animals prion diseases that exist?

A.) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Kuru, Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)

B.) Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), Chronic Wasting Disease

C.) Parkisons Disease, Huntingtons Disease, Kuru

B.) Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), Chronic Wasting Disease

What are some Acquired (RARE) prion disease?

A.) Variant (vCJD) & Kuru

B.) Sporadic CJD & Sporadic FFI

C.) Genetic creutzfeldt jakob disease specific mutations, Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI), Gerstmann- Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome

D.) NONE

A.)Variant (vCJD) & Kuru

What is sporadic prion disease?

A.) NONE

B.) Variant (vCJD) & Kuru

C.) Fatal famlial, genetic creutzfeldt Jakob Disease

D.) Sporadic CJD & Sporadic FFI

D.) Sporadic CJD & Sporadic FFI

what is a genetic mutation prion disease?

A.)Sporadic CJD & Sporadic FFI

B.) Genetic creutzfeldt jakob disease specific mutations, Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI), Gerstmann- Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome

C.) Kuru & Variant CJD

D.) NONE

B.) Genetic Creutzfeldt Jakob disease-specific mutations, Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI), Gerstmann- Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome