Unit 5 Lecture Exam

Ch 28: Reproductive System & Ch 29: Endocrine System

spermatozoan

male gamete (haploid)

ovum

female gamete (haploid)

zygote

result of fertilization (diploid)

mitosis

cell division in all somatic cells

mitosis function

replace/create new cells

mitosis results

2 diploid identical daughter cells

meiosis

only occurs in gonads

meiosis function

produce gametes

meiosis result

4 haploid daughter cells

main occurrence in meiosis I

homologous chromosomes separate

main occurrence in meiosis II

sister chromatids separate

3 functions of male reproductive system

produce gamets

produce male sex steroid hormone

deliver gametes to female

primary reproductive organ

testes

2 main function of testes

secrete testosterone

gametogenesis/spermatogenesis

spermatogenesis/gametogenesis

production of spermatozoa

testes develop near…

kidneys; descend through inguinal canal to scrotum

cryptorchidism

testes don’t descend; infertile

testis structure from deep to superficial

seminiferous tubule

tunica albugenia

tunica vaginalis

cremaster muscle

seminiferous tubule

\~800 ft/testicle

tunica albugenica

maintains shape & forms lobules

tunica vaginalis

derived from peritoneum; “pocket”

cemaster muscle

derived from internal oblique (involuntary)

elevates testes in response to cold/sexual arousal

seminiferous tubule layers/structures from superficial to deep (inside)

spermatogonium (2n)

\*Sertoli cells

primary spermatocyte (2nr)

secondary spermatocyte (nr)

spermatid (n)

spermatozoan (n)

spermatogonium

stem cells that become sperm; 2n

secondary spermatocyte

haploid with sister chromatid (nr)

spermiogenesis

conversion of spermatid into spermatozoa by adding acrosomal cap & flagellum

sertoli cells (5 fxn)

stimulates spermatogenesis

secrete seminiferous tubule fluid

protect & nourish developing sperm

form blood testes barrier

produce androgen binding protein (ABP)

leydig cells

produce testosterone

in interstitial space

spermiation

spermatozoa release connections to/from sertoli cells

3 parts to spermatozoa

head

midpiece

tail

head of spermatozoa includes

acrosomal cap & nucleus (n)

mid piece of spermatozoa includes

mitochondria

tail of spermatozoa includes

flagellum

spermatozoa characteristics

300 million sperms/day

only viable \~48 hours in vaginal tract

acrosome/acrosomal cap

filled with hydrolytic enzymes (proteases & hyaluronidase)

hormonal route (to the cell it influences)

hypothalamus (GnRH)

anterior pituitary gland (gonadotropin hormones)

testes

Leydig Cells (LH) & Sertoli cells (FSH)

male gonadotropin hormones include

luteinizing hormone

follicule stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormone affects which cell in the testes & effects

leydig cells; increase testosterone

follicule stimulating hormone affects which cell in the testes & effects

Sertoli cells; produce androgen binding protein & inhibin

negative feedback loop from leydig cells

increased testosterone; depresses hypothalamus & anterior pituitary gland

general effects of testosterone in blood (from leydig cells)

prenatal male reproductive organ development

enlargement of sex organs

develop secondary sex characteristics

increase libido

anabolism/protein synthesis

increased rage/aggression

effect of androgen binding protein binding to testosterone

increase spermatogenesis

inhibin effects

inhibit anterior pituitary gland (decrease follicle stimulating hormone)

route of spermatozoa

seminiferous tubule

straight tubules

rete testes

efferent duct

ductus epididymus

vas deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

what part of the spermatozoa route is in the testes

seminiferous tubule

straight tubules

rete testes

efferent duct

seminal vessicle (fxn & where does it feed to)

produces 60% of seminal fluid (fructose, fibrinogen, HCO3-, prostaglandin)

feeds into vas deferens

prostate gland (fxn & where does it feed to)

produces 25% seminal fluid (citricacid & proteolytic enzymes)

feeds into ejaculatory duct & urethra

bulbourethral gland (fxn & where does it feed to)

alkaline mucous

semen

spermatozoa + seminal fluid

seminal fluid

secretion s from seminiferous tubule, seminal vesicle, prostate gland & bulbourethral gland

typical ejaculate (quantity & # of sperm)

2\.5-5 mL; 50-150 million

male infertility (# of sperm)

less than 20 million sperm/mL

2 reflex of penis

erection

ejaculation

erection

parasympathetic reflex

increase blood flow to erectile tissue

ejaculation

sympathetic reflex

contracts internal urethra sphincter

female reproductive system function (8)

produce gametes

produce female sex steroid hormone

receive gametes from males

site of fertilization

site of implantation

allow growth of embryo/fetus

deliver fetus/newborn

nourish newborn after birth

oogenesis

production of female gametes

primary female reproductive organ

ovaries

ovary function (2)

oogenesis

production of hormones (estrogen & progesterone)

ovaries held in place by 3 main structures:

broad ligament/mesovarium

ovarian ligament (medial attachment)

suspensory ligament (lateral attachment)

oogenesis begins (when) & to what extent

prior to brith

oogonium (2n) to primary oocyte (2nr)

at birth, how many primary oocytes in ovary

2,000,000- 200,000

at puberty, how many primary oocytes in ovary

40,000

typical ovarian cycle is how many days

28 days

phases of ovarian cycle & number of days

follicular phase (day 1-13)

ovulation (day 14)

luteal phase (day 14-28)

follicular phase

grow follicles in presence of follicle stimulating hormone

primordial follicle (flat follicular cells & 1 oocyte)

primary follicle (granulosa cells, zona pellucida, 1 oocyte)

secondary follicle (thecal cells, granulosa cells, antrum, zona pellucida & 1 oocyte)

dominant follicle

Graafian follicle (thecal cell, granulosa cells, large antrum & 1 oocyte)

granulosa cell function

produce estrogen, antral fluid & inhibin

antrum

fluid filled chamber

how large is a graafian/mature follicle

20 mm

ovulation phase events

increased estrogen stimulates GnRH & LH

LH surge

Graafian follicle rupture

LH Surge triggers (ovulation phase)

completion of meiosis I (2 oocyte at metaphase II)

rupture of antrum (ovulation)

ovulated structure (ovulation phase)

secondary oocyte with zona pellucida & corona radiata

picked up by fimbriae of uterine tube

viable for 24 hours

Luteal phase

ruptured follicular cells become corpus hemorrhagicum (temporary structure)

follicular cells become luteal cells & forms corpus luteum

corpus luteum viable for 14 days

corpus luteum produces (\*key & function)

progesterone\* (maintains endometrium)

estrogen (feel good)

relaxin (relaxes uterus; inhibit myometrial contractions)

inhinin (inhibit FSH to decrease follicular development)

what does corpus luteum become if 2 oocyte not fertilized

corpus albicans

2 oocyte travel route when ovulated

fimbriae of uterine tube

infundibulum of uterine tube

ampulla of uterine tube

isthmus of uterine tube

uterus

ampulla of uterine tube

site of fertilization (2 oocyte can complete meiosis II & fuse with spermatazoa to form zygote)

uterus

site of implantation

uterus held in place by (2)

round ligament (anterior)

broad ligament (mesometrium; lateral)

3 main layers of uterus

perimetrium

myometrium

endometrium

perimetrium

serosa; part of visceral peritoneum

myometrium

smooth muscle; allows uterine contractions

stimulated by prostaglandin & oxytocin

contracts during childbirth, menstruation & orgasm

endometrium (2 layers)

stratum basalis (permanent)

stratum functionalists (temporary)

hysterectomy

removal of uterus

blood supply to uterus (artery)

abdominal aorta

common iliac artery

internal iliac artery

radial artery

straight arterioles

spiral arterioles

uterine cycle (# of days & phases)

28 days

menstrual phase (1-5)

proliferative phase (6-14)

secretory phase (15-28)

menstrual phase of uterine cycle

(in ovary) corpus albicans = decreased progesterone levels, increased prostaglandin = contraction of spinal arterioles & sloughing of stratum functionalis

menstrual discharge (volume & makeup)

50-150 mL

blood, tissue & mucous

proliferative phase of uterine cycle

(in ovary) follicle development = increased estrogen

increased estrogen in uterus = repair of endometrium/stratum functionalists & change fluidity of cervical mucous

secretory phase of uterine cycle

(in ovary) corpus luteum produces hormones

(in uterus) increased progesterone (increase endometrial gland growth & thickens cervical mucous)

increased estrogen, relaxin (inhibit myometrial contractions) & inhibit (inhibit FSH)

estrogen at low level has what effect (feedbacks)

negative feedback on anterior pituitary gland (inhibit LH surge)

estrogen at high level has what effect (feedbacks)

positive feedback on anterior pituitary gland (increase LH to promote LH surge)

estrogen function

promote development & maintenance of female reproductive system

anabolism (strong bones)

protective (prevent heart attacks, strokes & decrease cholesterol)

gonadotropic hormones

follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone

gonadal hormones

relaxin, inhibin, estrogen, progesterone & testosterone

which gonadal hormone is most prevalent in follicular phase/menstrual & proliferative phase

estrogen

which gonadal hormone is most prevalent in luteal phase/secretory phase

progesterone

when do estrogen levels peak (day)

day 12

when do luteinizing hormone levels peak (day) & what is it called

day 13/14; LH surge

when do progesterone levels peak

day 22