AP human Unit 5 vocab

Notes def: Environmental Possibilism

The physical environment can impact the ways in which human society develops, however humans can utilize technology in order to combat natural limitations

Notes def: Intensive

large amounts of land and/or capital, small plots of land, land is scarce or expensive, usually located near areas with high population density

Notes def: Extensive

fewer inputs of labor and/or capital, large plots of land, land is plentiful, costs little, usually located away from major population centers

Notes def: Shifting Cultivation

tropical, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, rice, millet, maize(corn), and sorghum, extensive, subsistence,

Notes def: Shifting Cultivation 2

farmers move from one field to another, slash and burn agriculture because farmers clear and fertilize the land by burning vegetation. When the soil loses fertility, the farmers move to a different plot of land and repeat.

Notes def: Nomadic Herding/ Pastorial Nomadism

Drylands/ Desert, Northern Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, cattle, camels, reindeer, goats, yaks, sheep, horses, extensive, subsistence

Notes def: Nomadic herding/ Pastorial Nomadism 2

nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit

Notes Def: Livestock Ranching

drylands/ desert, western north america, southeastern south america, central asia, australia, south africa, cattle, goats, sheep, extensive commercial

Notes def: Livestock Ranching 2

commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually they will be sent to feed lots and then be sent to slaughter

Notes def: Commercial Grain Farming

mid-latitudes, too dry for mixed crop and livestock, united states, canada, europe, russia, china, south asia, wheat, extensive, commercial

Notes def: Commercial Grain Farming 2

crops are grown primarily for human consumption. Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food product, such as breakfast cereals and bread

Notes def: Market Gardening

warm mid-latitude, southeastern US, California, Southeastern Australia, fresh fruits and vegetables, lettuce, broccoli, apple, oranges, tomatoes, Intensive (reliant on migrant) laborers and machinery, commercial

Notes def: Market Gardening 2

some of the fruit and vegetable are sold fresh to consumers, but some are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning to freezing

Notes def: Plantation Agriculture

tropical, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, commodity and speciality crops such as cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts, and cotton, Intensive (reliant on cheap labor from former colonies), commercial

Notes def: Plantation Agriculture 2

A plantation specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market

Notes def: Mixed Crop and Livestock

cold and warm mid-latitude, midwestern United States and Canada, Central Europe, corn, grains and soybeans grown to feed cattle and pigs, Intensive (reliant on high amounts of capital and labor), commercial

Notes def: Mixed Crop and Livestock 2

most money comes from the sake of livestock rather than crop outputs

Notes def: Mediterranean

mild, wet winters, and hot, dry summers, coastal, southern Europe and northern Africa, Pacific coast of US, Chile, South Africa, Southern Australia, grapes, olives, dates, figs, intensive (land is scarce, hilly, labor intensive) commercial

Notes def: Mediterranean 2

orchards are common, crops produced for global market

Notes def: Dairy Farming

Midlatitudes, Northern United States, Canada, Europe, Russia, China, India, Brazil, cows, intensive (cows need to be milked (2x a day) machinery) commercial

Notes def: Dairy Farming 2

dairy farmers typically sell their milk to whole salers who later distribute it to retailer. Retailers then sell it to consumers in shops or at home.

Notes def: Metes and Bounds

came from Great Britain to North America, utilization of landmarks and physical features to establish boundary lines, results in irregular shaped plots of land

Notes def: Long lot

France and Spain to North America, long strips of land at a river or lake with the intention of providing all landowners with equal access to the resources (soil and water) and transportation

Notes def: Township and range

pioneered by Thomas Jefferson, rectangles and grid system, each township is 6 miles x 6 miles, keep track of land sales and purchases, utilize a uniform survey method

Notes def: Clustered

Throughout European history, rural residents lived in groups of homes in close proximity to one another, farmland and pasture surround the settlement, share resources and community, have to walk to farmland, metes and bounds survey methods

Notes def: Dispersed

major characteristics is that settlements are isolated and dispersed over land area, US government promoted westward expansion by giving farmers land (usually 160 acres) if they agree to live and farm on it, reflective of individual value and ownership of land, township and range survey methods

Notes def: Linear

settlement is organized along a LINE, typically associated with transportation system or physical features like a river or coast, long lot survey method, not common

Notes def: Hearth

the geographic origin of a trait, characteristic, innovation, or other concept

Notes def: domestication

the deliberate effect to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands

Notes def: Agricultural Hearths

The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals

Notes def: The fertile crescent

10,000 years ago, AKA: The Bread Basket, Barley, wheat, lentils, olives, oats, rye, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs

Notes def: Southeast Asia

10,000 years ago, sugarcane, taro, coconut, mango, banana, rice, tea

Notes def: East Asia

9,500 years ago, rice, soybeans, walnuts

Notes def: Sub-Saharan Africa

7,000 years ago, coffee, cowpeas, millet, African rice, sorghum, yams

Notes def: Mesoamerica

5,000 years ago, sweat potatoes, beans, maize, chiles, peppers, cotton, cassava, lima beans, potatoes, tomatoes, llamas, alpacas

Notes def: Independent Inventions

Occurs when a trait has many cultural hearths: the idea that the trait developed separately without being influenced by other cultural groups, limited, no trade, only crop naturally grown was used

Notes def: Contagious diffusion

Agriculture first diffused to the immediate surrounding areas of the hearths through close contact and proximity between farmers

Notes def: Immigration and migration

example of relocation diffusion. As people migrate they bring food, ingredients, and seeds with them. Stimulus diffusion

Notes def: Trade routes

the silk road, resulted in the spread of plants and animals throughout East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, example of contagious diffusion

Notes def: The Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between North America, Africa, and Europe, initiated by Christopher Columbus’ voyage to the Americas in 1492, resulted in the spread of plants, animals, and diseases between the “Old World” and the “New World”, example of contagious diffusion

Notes def: Diseases

leading factor of Native Americans massacre

Notes def: The first agricultural revolution

12,000-10,000 years ago, fertile crescent, trade routes and the Columbian exchange, the origin of farming, first domestication of plants and animals where previous people were hunters and gatherers, subsistence farming, simple hand tools, manual labor

Notes def: The second agricultural revolution

1750, Great Britain, through g.b into Europe and the US, industrial revolution, enclosure movement, development of crop rotation, trains, and boats

Notes def: the Green revolution

dev of higher yielding, disease resistant, faster growing varieties of grains (rice, corn, wheat), massive population growth, norman borlaug, increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and machinery in developing countries

notes def: Industrial Revolution

The use of technology to increase production and distribution of agricultural goods.

notes def: Crop Rotation

planting the same crop each year can deplete the natural resources in the soil. Farmers began rotating the crops planted each year to sustain the fertility of the soil.

notes def: Enclosure Movement

series of laws that enable land owners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers

notes def: Urbanization

mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories

Notes def: Norman Borlaug

researcher that traveled to Mexico to improve agricultural and biotechnological techniques in order to feed the growing population of the world

notes def: double cropping

growing one than one crop per year

Notes def: positive results of green rev

higher yields, increased yields lead to surplus which sustains population growth which allowed farmers to start exporting crops which lead to more wealth which in turn led to improvements in better farming technology which leads to more crops

Notes def: negative results of green rev

environmental consequences, gender consequences, poor success in Africa

Notes def: subsistence 2

crops and livestock are grown to feed the farmer, family, community.

Notes def: commercial 2

crops and livestock are groan to be sold on the global market, purpose is to make a profit

notes def: monocropping

The cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally

notes def: agribusiness

the large scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment

notes def: economies of scale

large scale farming is cost effective due to lower bulk prices for farming supplies and tech

notes def: technological advances

further increase the cost of operating farms but also increases the efficiency of agriculture

notes def: commodity chains

complex network that connects places of production with distribution to customers

notes def: bid rent theory

The value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market

notes def: Von Thunen’s theory of rural land use

notes def: Market/ Urban center

assumed that there was a market in an isolated, self-sufficient state without external influences, assumed commercial agricultural destination for farmers harvest

notes def: Dairy Farming and Market Gardening

dairy and produce, very perishable so they are located near the markets to ensure fresh produce, difficult to transport and must be moved quickly due to perishability, intensive labor due to high value of land located near central market

notes def: forests

timber, not perishable, difficult and expensive to transport, very heavy, firewood was an essential good in the 1800s in order to build fires for anything

notes def: Grains and cereal crops

grains and cereals, less perishable, not fragile, bulky, heavy, easier to transport to market, extensive farming becomes profitable due to the cost of the land/distance from market

notes def: Livestock Ranching

livestock, not perishable while alive, very low cost because animals were walked to market, land is less desirable due to distance from the market. This makes it less expensive so ranches can rent or buy large quantities to herd their animals

notes def: Speciality Farming

Regions of particular climates and soil types like Mediterranean agriculture are missing from the model

notes def: Slash and Burn Agriculture

type of shifting cultivation that permanently alters the landscape

notes def: Irrigation

used to supplement rainfall by bringing water from its natural resources to farm fields through systems of canals, ditches and other methods

notes def: terrace farming

typically practiced by subsistence farmers in mountainous areas, steps are built into the sides of hills and mountain sides in order to cultivate water intensive crops

notes def: draining wetlands

drained wetland and converted to arable farmland

notes def: Soil Salinization

the process by which salt build up in the soil when water evaporates from the ground more rapidly then it is replenished

notes def: Deforestation

tropical rainforests, amazon and rainforests in Indonesia and Malaysia

notes def: Biotechnology

methods of farming based on the biology of plants and animals

notes def: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

plants or animals with DNA that has been intentionally modified

notes def: Aquaculture

the practice of raising and hunting fish and other forms of food that live in water

notes def: Hydroponics

agricultural method where crops are grown in water rather than soil

notes def: urban farming

growing and producing food in a city

notes def: Organic farming

prioritizes environmental sustainability

notes def: Community supported agriculture

members of community buy shares of a farms harvest in advance

notes def: value added crops

manufacturing process that increases the value of raw agriculture

notes def: fair trade

provide more money for small farmers in LDCs

notes def: local food movement

supports local, small scale, and often family owned farms

AMSCO def: intesive commercial

core, semi-periphery and periphery, near transportation, access to urban and global markets, labor intensive, capital intensive, high yields

AMSCO def: intensive subsistent

primarily periphery and semi-periphery, usually near towns and cites with access to local markets, labor intensive, capital not intensive, low yields

AMSCO def: Extensive Commercial

core, semi-periphery, periphery, transportation access to processing and local, regional, and global markets, labor not intensive, capital intensive, high-crop yield, low livestock yield

AMSCO: Extensive Subsistent

primarily periphery and semi-periphery, usually in sparsely populated areas with limited access to local markets, labor intensive, capital not intensive, low yields

AMSCO def: Pastorial Nomadism

drylands, southwest, central, east asia, and north africa, cattle, camels, reindeer, goats, yaks, sheeo, and horses, extensive

AMSCO def: Shifting Cultivation

tropical, latin america, sub-saharan africa, southeast asia, extensive, slash and burn agriculture

AMSCO def: Plantation

tropical/ sub tropical, latin america, sub-saharan africa, south and southeast asia, labor intensive, coffee, cocoa, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, and cotton

AMSCO def: Mixed Crop and livestock

cold/warm mid-latitude, midwest US and Canada, Central Europe, demonstrates interdependence between crops and animals, intensive

AMSCO def: grain

cold mid-latitude, north central US, north central Canada, china, India, Russia, and the US, extensive

AMSCO def: commercial gardening

warm mid-latitude, southeast US, southeast australia, typical fruits grown, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, intensive

AMSCO def: dairy

warm mid-latitude, northeast US, southeast Canada, Northwest Europe, intensive, milk sheds

AMSCO def: mediterranean

warm mid-latitude, southern coast of Europe, northern coast of Africa, pacific coast of US, intensive, figs, dates, olives, and grapes

AMSCO def: livestock ranching

drylands, western north america, southeast, south america, central asia, southern africa, extensive, found in areas that are too dry

AMSCO def: clustered

groups of homes located near each other in a village

AMSCO def: dispersed

patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside

AMSCO def: linear

in which buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route

AMSCO def: metes and bounds

used for short distances and often referred to features of specific points