Central motor system Upper motor neurons

sulcus

grooves of the brain

gyrus

the raised ridges of the brain to inc surface area and # of neurons

Brodmann areas

regions of the brain which are assigned numbers that are characterized by cell differences in each region

area 4

the primary motor cortex is categorized as ___ according to the brodmann map

area 6

the premotor is categorized as ___ according to the brodmann map

somatotopic organization

mapping where the size of the cortical rep dedicated to a body part is proportional to the amt of motor control/precision required

primary motor cortex

helps w generating voluntary movement when recieving sensory info from the somatosensory cortex, posterior parietal region and the premotor and SMA regions

somatosensory cortex

broadmann area 3,1 and 2 and recieves and somatosensation

posterior parietal region

broadmann area 5/7 and is responsible for sensory integration with other information

corticospinal tract

information from the primary motor cortex will have an output to the

premotor areas

part of the brain which helps w planning, prepping and guiding movement with info from the post parietal, prefrontal and bw it

cerebellum and basal ganglia

subcortical inputs which are sent to the premotor areas and M1

true

prior to sending info from the basal ganglia and the cerebellum to M1/premotor areas it needs to pass the thalamus first

t or f

false

info from the basal ganglia and the cerebellum can be sent to M1/premotor areas immediately

t or f

reciprocal connections

where information from subcortical inputs and the M1 and premotor areas are sent back and forth between areas

primary motor cortex

the majority of info from the premotor areas are sent to ____

spinal cord

info from the premotor areas are sent to ____ from corticospinal tract cells oringinating in the SMA and premotor areas or overlap w M1 muscle innervations

raster plot

where a dot represents an AP fired by the cortical neuron being recorded to help give an idea of neuron activity during a task

histogram

a summation of activity recorded from the cortical neuron for every trial represented individually in a plot to give an idea of neuronal activity during a task

highly active

during a visually triggered task and a internally guided task the M1 was

true

the premotor area in a visually guided test would be more active than during a internally guided task

t ro f

false

the premotor area in a internally guided test would be more active than during a visually guided task

t ro f

true

the SMA in a internally guided test would be more active than during a visually guided task

t ro f

false

the SMA in a visually guided test would be more active than during a internally guided task

t ro f

supplementary motor area

region of the brain which is involved w internally generated movements and sequencing movement patterns

true

the old theory of M1 signaling by switching muscles on and off through specific neurons is disproven when stimulation at two different sites can trigger muscle contractions and stimulating one site can contract multiple muscles

t or f

true

M1 neurons help w encoding movement based on direction and force

t or f

true

M1 neurons help w encoding movement based on distance and speed

t or f

false

M1 neurons help w encoding movement based on the degree of joint displacement

t or f

false

M1 neurons help w encoding movement in a 1 to 1 way by causing 1 motor neuron for one movement/muscle

t or f

motor abundance

since M1 neurons are not specific to a single muscle/movement it implies parallel neuron population to carry out an action sequence or ___

cingulate motor area

part of the brain which helps with planning movements in response to a reward evaluation

dorsal premotor

part of the premotor area which plans motor control for movement guided by external cues specifically relating movements for learned association between cues and a motor response

ventral premotor

part of the premotor area which plans motor control for movement guided by external cues specifically relating motor control of hand movements to manipulate objects based on visual input

lateral ventral premotor

part of the premotor area which can become active when observing a task being performed and also performing a task itself

mirror neurons

makes up the lateral ventral premotor area which fire in response when performing an action and when observing another doing the same action (learning through imitation)

primary motor area

impairments in the ____ leads to paresis, fatigue, altered muscle tone, abnormal synergies

premotor area

impairments in the ____ leads to inability to resp to external cues and apraxia

apraxia

inability to perform purposeful learned movements despite having physical capabilities

early post injury

paresis ____ is seen as dec voluntary motor unit recruitment

later post injury

paresis ___ is seen as adaptive shortening of muscles and chronic disuse leading to further maladaptive neuroplastic changes

central fatigue

induced suboptimal output from the motor cortex due to dec cortical/spinal excitability, dec input to alpha MN, dec alpha MN activity

muscle tone

constant background muscle activity becomes resistance to passive stretch in resting muscle while pt is already in a relaxed state

maladaptive neuroplastic chanegs

muscle tone increases can be due to ____ such as hyperexcitation of spinal circuitry or disinhibition from loss of descending input

disinhibition

injuries to the reticulospinal tract and the corticospinal tract can lead to ____ causing increased tone

increased stretch reflex

injuries to the muscle spindle can lead to ___ causing increased tone

hyperexcitability of interneurons

inc excitation of the muscle spindle, corticalspinal and reticulospinal tracts can cause _____ thus inc muscle tone from inc AMN excitation

muscle syngery

a group of muscles activated together to achieve a specific task or movement where brain injury can disrupt it causing cortical reorganization causing up regulation of alternative descending pathways