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Pathophysiology
study of the body’s response to altered health
Pathology
The study of structural and functional changes in the cells
Physiology
the study of functions of the human body
Determinants of Health
Attain acheive promote promote
Attain definition
lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, & premature death
Achieve definition
health equity and eliminate disparities
First promote
good health for all
Second promote
healthy behaviors across the life span
Definition of disease
an interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system
Etiology
cause of disease
pathogenesis
sequence of cellular and tissue events
morphology
fundamental structure or form of cells and tissues
syndrome
a complication of signs and syndrome that are characteristic of a specific disease state
diagnosis
the designation as to the nature or case of a health problem
what are the four etiologic factors
biological agents
physical agents
chemical agents
nutritional excesses or deficits
biological agents
bacteria or viruses
physical agents
trauma, burns, radiation
chemical agents
poisions alcohol
nutrtional excesses
low iron, high blood pressure
what are the five factors affecting adaptation to stressors
age
health status
psychological resources
rapidity to adapt
availability to adaptive responses and ability to select response
sign definition
a manifestation that is noted by an observer
symptom definition
a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with the disorder
syndrome
a compilation of signs and syndromes that are characteristic of a specific disease state
diagnosis
designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
reliability
the extent to which an observation when repeated gives the same result
validity
the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
sensitivity and specificity
how likely a test or observation identifies a disease
predicted value
how observation or result dictates a disease
what is an example of a predicted value
when swabbing a throat, the value that comes back may be a result of strep, mono, etc.
disease case
can be either an existing case or the number of new episodes of a particular illness
incidence
the number of new cases arising at a specific time
prevalence
a measure of existing disease in a population
what are the four factors derived by using epidemiologic methods
how the disease is spread
how to control disease
prevent disease
eliminate disease
morbidity
describes the effects an illness has on a person’s life
mortality
pertains to the causes of death in a given population
primary preventions
removing risk factors to avoid disease from occurring (immunizations)
secondary prevention
detecting disease when still curable (pap smears, colonoscopies)
tertiary prevention
preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease (antibiotics)
How is health defined
a state of complete physical, mental and social well being not merely the absence of disease
most disease-causing agents are:
nonspecific
most disease states don’t have:
a singular cause
congenital conditions
defects that are present at birth, but not important until later in life
pathogenesis
how cells and tissues interact with the initial etiologic agent
morphology
fundamental structure or form of cells and tissues
histology
study of cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues
what is the most common method used in the study of tissues
histology
what are laboratory parameters interpreted based on?
laboratory reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity
acute disorder
relatively severe, self-limiting
chronic disease
continuous, long-term process
subacute disease
intermediate
preclinical stage
not clinically evident
subclinical disease
not clinically evident
exacerbations
aggravations of symptoms and severity of disease
remissions
a period in which there is a decrease in severity and symptoms
cohort studies
group of people born at the same time or share some characteristic
Note 
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