Chapter 1: Concepts of Health And Disease

Pathophysiology

study of the body’s response to altered health

Pathology

The study of structural and functional changes in the cells

Physiology

the study of functions of the human body

Determinants of Health

Attain acheive promote promote

Attain definition

lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, & premature death

Achieve definition

health equity and eliminate disparities

First promote

good health for all

Second promote

healthy behaviors across the life span

Definition of disease

an interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system

Etiology

cause of disease

pathogenesis

sequence of cellular and tissue events

morphology

fundamental structure or form of cells and tissues

syndrome

a complication of signs and syndrome that are characteristic of a specific disease state

diagnosis

the designation as to the nature or case of a health problem

what are the four etiologic factors

biological agents

physical agents

chemical agents

nutritional excesses or deficits

biological agents

bacteria or viruses

physical agents

trauma, burns, radiation

chemical agents

poisions alcohol

nutrtional excesses

low iron, high blood pressure

what are the five factors affecting adaptation to stressors

age

health status

psychological resources

rapidity to adapt

availability to adaptive responses and ability to select response

sign definition

a manifestation that is noted by an observer

symptom definition

a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with the disorder

syndrome

a compilation of signs and syndromes that are characteristic of a specific disease state

diagnosis

designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem

reliability

the extent to which an observation when repeated gives the same result

validity

the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure

sensitivity and specificity

how likely a test or observation identifies a disease

predicted value

how observation or result dictates a disease

what is an example of a predicted value

when swabbing a throat, the value that comes back may be a result of strep, mono, etc.

disease case

can be either an existing case or the number of new episodes of a particular illness

incidence

the number of new cases arising at a specific time

prevalence

a measure of existing disease in a population

what are the four factors derived by using epidemiologic methods

how the disease is spread

how to control disease

prevent disease

eliminate disease

morbidity

describes the effects an illness has on a person’s life

mortality

pertains to the causes of death in a given population

primary preventions

removing risk factors to avoid disease from occurring (immunizations)

secondary prevention

detecting disease when still curable (pap smears, colonoscopies)

tertiary prevention

preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease (antibiotics)

How is health defined

a state of complete physical, mental and social well being not merely the absence of disease

most disease-causing agents are:

nonspecific

most disease states don’t have:

a singular cause

congenital conditions

defects that are present at birth, but not important until later in life

pathogenesis

how cells and tissues interact with the initial etiologic agent

morphology

fundamental structure or form of cells and tissues

histology

study of cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues

what is the most common method used in the study of tissues

histology

what are laboratory parameters interpreted based on?

laboratory reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity

acute disorder

relatively severe, self-limiting

chronic disease

continuous, long-term process

subacute disease

intermediate

preclinical stage

not clinically evident

subclinical disease

not clinically evident

exacerbations

aggravations of symptoms and severity of disease

remissions

a period in which there is a decrease in severity and symptoms

cohort studies

group of people born at the same time or share some characteristic