Midterms Reviewer for Applied Research Concepts

Applied Research

Inquiry and research seeking knowledge to contribute to solutions.

Evaluation Research

Assesses effectiveness.

Impact Research

Focuses on effects.

Action Research

Combines evaluation and impact research.

Basic Research

Aims to add knowledge with theoretical understanding.

Exploratory Research

Explores new concepts with open-minded questions.

Descriptive Research

Demonstrates a situation without comparisons.

Characteristics of a Research

Advantages include exploration, multifaceted description, theory development, problem identification, and evaluation.

Qualitative Designs

Objective, honest, and high integrity approaches.

Grounded Theory

Explains a process through quality and quantity.

Ethnography

Describes and interprets a cultural group's behavior and beliefs.

Phenomenological Study

Understands human experiences and views.

Case Study

Focuses on one issue or multiple cases for illustration and exploration.

Narrative Research

In-depth exploration of individual experiences through storytelling.

Phenomenon

Select people or sites to understand a specific event or situation.

Restorying

Retelling individual stories in narrative research.

Purposive Sampling

Choosing participants based on the study's limitations.

Deductive Reasoning

Drawing specific conclusions from general principles.

Quantitative Research

Involves testing theories with statistical analysis.

Collaboration

Working with participants throughout the research process.

Qualitative Research Problems

Issues with objectivity and bias in qualitative studies.

Hypothesis

A specific, measurable prediction in research.

True Experiment

Involves random assignment and variable manipulation.

Quasi-Experiment

Non-randomized assignment with variable manipulation.

Causal-Comparative Research

Comparing groups based on a variable of interest.

Correlational Research

Examining relationships between variables.

Survey Designs

Methods to collect data on attitudes, opinions, and behaviors.

Cross-Sectional Study

Data collection at one point in time for analysis.

Explanatory Research

Explains associations between variables.

Longitudinal Study

Data collection over time to track changes.

Observation

Collecting data through direct observation.

Independent Variable

Variable manipulated to observe its effect.

Dependent Variable

Variable that changes in response to the independent variable.

Controlled Variable

Kept constant to prevent its influence on the experiment.

Inference

Drawing conclusions based on observations.

Prediction

Forecasting outcomes based on data or observations.

Quantitative Data

Numerical information collected for analysis.

Qualitative Data

Descriptive information collected for analysis.

Scientific Reasoning

Making a guess about what a character has done/will do; how a character feels, etc.

Inductive Reasoning

Infers theoretical concepts and patterns from observed data

Theory-Testing

Test concepts and patterns known from theory using new empirical data

Theory-Building

Involves formulating generalizations inferred from related observations

Deductive Research

From a general premise, specific results are predicted

Inductive Research

From a number of observations, a general conclusion is drawn

Top-Down Approach

From more general to the more specific

Bottom-Up Approach

Moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories

Data Privacy

Guarantees a person's right to privacy

Confidentiality

Treatment of information that an individual has disclosed in a relationship of trust

Anonymization

Removing the link between the data and the individual

Randomization

A technique of research ethics to address grooming concerns about safe and mislabeled food and drug products

Generalization

An approach consisting of generalizing or diluting the attributes of data subjects by modifying the respective scale or order of magnitude

Pseudonymization

A hybrid technique which entails replacing personal identifiers

Retention Period

Duration data should be kept for research purposes

Nuremberg Code

Established after WWII to address unethical human experimentation

Informed Consent

Participants fully understand and agree to research terms

Ethical Research Criteria

Guidelines ensuring research benefits society and avoids harm

Deletion Protocol

Securely removing data post-retention period

Cloud Data Security

Ensuring data stored online is securely deleted

Belmont Report

1978 federal guidelines protecting human subjects in research

Respect for Human Dignity

Upholding self-determination and full disclosure rights

Beneficence

Maximizing benefits while minimizing harm in research

Justice in Research

Balancing benefits and burdens fairly in studies

Ethical Behavior

Adhering to moral principles and distinguishing right from wrong

Ethics vs. Legality

Differentiating between legal and moral obligations

Unethical Practices

Actions surpassing legal requirements, violating moral principles

Research Ethics Approval

Incorporating ethical principles in all research stages

Ethical Awareness

Recognizing situations raising ethical concerns

Ethical Judgment

Making decisions based on ethical research design and sound methodology

Types of Harm in Research

Physical, psychological, social, economic, and legal risks

Vulnerable Populations

Ensuring respect, protection, and inclusiveness for at-risk groups

Academic Misconduct

Violations like plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, and misleading authorship

Informed Consent Form

Document outlining research details, risks, benefits, and participant rights

Plagiarism Laws

Regulations against copying, stealing ideas, or intellectual property

Animal Welfare Act

Legislation protecting animals from abuse and unauthorized research

Ethical Considerations in Animal Research

Reducing, refining, and replacing animal use for research purposes

International Guidelines

CIOMS and NRC standards for ethical biomedical research involving animals