Animal Science 3140 Exam 2 Review Flashcards

The two primary divisions of the nervous system.

Central and Peripheral

This direction conducts impulses AWAY from the CNS and can be considered the motor system.

the Efferent direction

These are the two subcategories of the autonomic nervous system and

their descriptive titles/phrases.

parasympathetic (rest and digest/replenish) and the sympathetic (fight or flight) nervous system

This is the relation of mylein sheath diameter to signal speed.

the greater the diameter of the myelin sheath, the faster the signal

These are the correct steps of neuron activation starting with the ions lining up along the membrane.

ions line up -> sodium channels open -> sodium moves along the

gradient INTO the cell -> membrane potential has a positive charge

(Depolarization) -> sodium channels shut, potassium channels open ->

potassium moves along gradient OUT of cell (Repolarization) -> cell

membrane in hyperpolarized state

This type of gland releases hormones directly into the bloodstream

(doesn't use ducts).

endocrine gland

These cells in the pancreas release glucagon when blood glucose levels

are low

alpha cells

Peptide hormones typically affect target cells through this type of

intracellular signaling system.

second messenger systems

The anterior pituitary hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands are

known by this term.

tropic hormones

These three zones make up the adrenal cortex from innermost to

outermost.

zona reticularis -> zona fasciculata -> zona glomerulosa

This blood vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart.

arteries

These are the three layers of the heart wall from outermost to innermost.

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

This node is known for acting as the natural pacemaker of the heart.

sinoatrial node

This phase of the cardiac cycle is when the ventricles contract and blood

is ejected from the heart into the arteries.

systole

This is a description of the direction of blood flow through the heart using

the valves and chambers as references

Right Atrium, through the Tricuspid Valve into the Right Ventricle,

through the Pulmonary Valve to the lungs, then into Left Atrium, through the

Mitral Valve into the Left Ventricle, through the Aortic Valve to the body

These thin, scroll-like bones create turbulent airflow and help warm,

humidify and filter inspired air

turbinates

This thin sheet of skeletal muscle forms the caudal boundary of the

thorax and is the primary muscles used for inspiration by increasing lung

volume.

the diaphragm

This structure is the bifurcation point where the trachea divides in the left

and right bronchi

the carina

This condition is due to the buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood which

lowers blood oh

respiratory acidosis

This explains why pigs with atrophic rhinitis are more susceptible to lung

infections and pneumonia

the damage to the nasal turbinates reduces the pig's ability to

filter/trap/remove pathogens from inhaled air before it reaches the lungs

This term describes the maintenance of a relatively constant internal

environment despite changes outside

homeostasis

This type of respiration refers to the exchange of O2 and CO2 between

air and the blood within the lungs

external respiration

These are the three connective tissue layers (dura mater, arachnoid and

pia mater) that protect the brain and spinal cord.

the meninges

This increases the speed of an action potential as the electrical impulse

jumps between the nodes of Ranvier

the saltatory conduction

A rare side effect of a thyroidectomy is tetanic spasms caused by

hypocalcemia. Which endocrine glands are accidentally removed during the

procedure to cause this?

the parathyroid glands