APUSH CH2 Transplantations and Borderlands

What year did the London Company launch its colonizing expedition to Virginia?

1606

What were the names of the three ships that set sail for America in 1606?

The Godspeed, The Discovery, and the Susan Constant.

Which Indian tribe did the British colonists learn from in Virginia?

The Powhatan tribe.

What agricultural techniques did the Powhatan tribe use that were beneficial in their climate?

They grew crops like beans, pumpkins, vegetables, and corn.

What was John Smith's advice to the colonists regarding their survival?

He advised them to swallow their pride and learn from the Indians.

What did Powhatan predict about the colonists' survival?

He believed they would die due to diseases and their poor settlement choices.

What helped Jamestown develop into a lasting English colony?

Tobacco, new settlers, and political growth.

What was the 'Starving Time' in Jamestown?

A period from 1609 to 1610 when only 60 colonists survived due to starvation.

Who revived the Jamestown colony after the 'Starving Time'?

Lord De La Warr.

What crop made Virginia profitable and fueled its expansion?

Tobacco.

What was the headright system?

A system that granted land to settlers, encouraging settlement.

What was the significance of the House of Burgesses established in 1619?

It marked the rise of self-government in Virginia.

When did the first recorded Africans arrive in Jamestown?

1619

What law codified lifelong racial slavery in Virginia?

The 1662 rule that children inherited their mother's status.

What was Bacon's Rebellion and its significance?

A rebellion that exposed tensions between elites and poorer colonists, accelerating the shift toward slavery.

Who led Bacon's Rebellion?

Nathaniel Bacon.

What was the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649?

An act that granted religious freedom to Christians in Maryland.

What was Maryland founded as?

A Catholic refuge.

What economic similarities did Maryland share with Virginia?

Both developed economies based on tobacco and used the headright system.

What was the outcome of Bacon's Rebellion for slavery laws?

Stricter slave codes were passed in 1705, making slavery permanent and racially defined.

What characterized the growth of northern English colonies compared to southern colonies?

They grew more slowly.

Who explored the northern region and promoted it as New England?

Captain John Smith.

What was the Plymouth Company's role in colonization?

It sponsored explorations but never successfully colonized after its 1606 charter.

Why did the Pilgrims settle at Plymouth?

For religious freedom, to survive harsh conditions with help from Native Americans, and to establish self-government through the Mayflower Compact.

What was the Mayflower Compact?

A document that established a system of self-government for the Pilgrims.

What was the demographic breakdown of the Mayflower's passengers?

The Mayflower carried 102 settlers: 35 'saints' (Pilgrims) and 67 'strangers' (non-Pilgrims).

What challenges did the Pilgrims face during their first winter?

They faced malnutrition, disease, and deaths, but received help from Native Americans.

What were the main economic activities in Plymouth?

Fishing, fur trading, and small-scale farming due to poor soil.

Who served as governor of Plymouth Colony for many years?

William Bradford.

What was the purpose of founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

To serve as a refuge for Pilgrims and create a thriving, religiously strict society.

Who led the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

John Winthrop.

What was the significance of the charter obtained by Puritans in 1628?

It allowed them to create the Massachusetts Bay Company.

What was the largest migration of the 17th century to Massachusetts Bay?

John Winthrop sailed in 1630 with 17 ships and 1,000 settlers.

What type of government was established in Massachusetts Bay?

A theocracy where church and state were closely linked.

What was seen as a sign of God's favor in Massachusetts Bay?

Material success.

What were the consequences of King Philip's War?

It was a deadly conflict that nearly destroyed several local tribes, with over 3,000 Native Americans and 1,000 colonists killed.

What was the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?

A document in 1639 that allowed more men to vote than in Massachusetts.

Who founded Providence and why?

Roger Williams founded Providence in 1636 after being deported from Massachusetts, promoting religious freedom and separation of church and state.

What was the outcome of Anne Hutchinson's challenge to Massachusetts religious orthodoxy?

She was banished in 1637 and settled near Providence.

What was the impact of the English Civil War on colonization?

It led to a pause in new colonies for 30 years, followed by renewed colonization under Charles II.

What was the period of the English Civil War?

1642-1649.

What happened to Charles I during the English Civil War?

He was executed.

Who ruled England after Charles I and before Charles II?

Oliver Cromwell.

What new colonies were created after the Restoration?

Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

When did colonization resume after the English Civil War?

After 1660, with the Restoration.

What were the two distinct regions that developed in the Carolina colony?

North Carolina with small farmers and South Carolina with wealthy, slave-based plantations.

What led to the split of the Carolina colony into two royal colonies?

Conflict and instability by 1729.

What social structure was originally envisioned for the Carolina colony?

A rigid social hierarchy under the Fundamental Constitutions (1669).

What crop was central to the economy of South Carolina?

Rice cultivation.

How did the Caribbean Islands become wealthy in the 1600s?

Through sugar plantations relying on enslaved Africans.

What was the impact of Columbus's voyages on Native populations in the Caribbean?

Native populations collapsed from disease.

What was the Barbados Slave Code of 1661?

A law that gave masters almost total control over enslaved Africans.

What characterized the political power in New York after it was seized from the Dutch?

Political power remained concentrated among elites.

What was the significance of Pennsylvania as a Quaker colony?

It became one of the most prosperous and tolerant British colonies, known for religious freedom and fair treatment of Native Americans.

Who founded Pennsylvania and why?

William Penn founded Pennsylvania as repayment of a royal debt in 1681.

What was the fate of New Jersey in the colonial period?

It was split into East and West before being reunited in 1702.

What was the primary crop that replaced tobacco in the Caribbean?

Sugar.

How did enslaved Africans contribute to Caribbean culture despite harsh conditions?

They preserved traditions, built families, and resisted through sabotage or revolt.

What was the demographic trend regarding enslaved Africans in the Caribbean?

Enslaved Africans soon outnumbered Europeans.

What was the relationship between the British colonies and stronger Spanish, French, and Native societies in the 1600s-1700s?

The British colonies existed as small, fragile settlements surrounded by these stronger societies.

What was the role of the Quakers in Pennsylvania's development?

They rejected predestination and social hierarchies, promoting tolerance and fair treatment.

What was the significance of the Fundamental Constitutions in Carolina?

They were intended to establish a rigid social hierarchy but were not effectively implemented.

What was the economic impact of Caribbean slavery on the islands?

It defined the islands' economy, producing sugar and rum.

What was a major consequence of the harsh conditions of slavery in the Caribbean?

High death rates among enslaved Africans.

How did the English acquire New Netherland?

They seized it from the Dutch in 1664.

What was the social structure like in New Jersey compared to New York?

New Jersey lacked strong landowning classes, while New York had concentrated political power among elites.

What was the significance of the Quaker beliefs in the context of Pennsylvania's growth?

Their beliefs in tolerance and equality attracted diverse settlers.

What was the main reason for the shift from indentured servants to enslaved Africans in the Caribbean?

The huge demand for labor on sugar plantations.

What areas did Spain control north of Mexico?

Spain controlled Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.

How did Spanish colonies impact Native societies?

They reshaped Native societies through disease, labor systems, and Catholic conversion.

What was New Mexico's significance among Spanish outposts?

New Mexico became the most prosperous Spanish outpost.

Why was California colonized in the 1760s?

California was colonized to block other European powers.

What labor system forced many Natives into labor and conversion in Spanish colonies?

The encomienda system.

What was the Southeast Borderlands characterized by?

It was a contested region where Spain and England clashed for control.

What strategies did Spain use to maintain control in the Southeast?

Spain used forts, alliances, and enslaved people to strengthen their claims.

What happened to Spain's hold on Florida after the Seven Years' War?

Spain lost Florida after the Seven Years' War.

What was the purpose of founding Georgia?

Georgia was founded as a military buffer against Spanish Florida and as a refuge for the poor.

What restrictions were placed on Georgia when it was founded?

Georgia limited landholdings, banned slavery and Catholics, and regulated Indian trade.

How did General James Oglethorpe's rules affect Georgia's development?

His strict rules caused conflict until they eased, allowing Georgia to grow more like South Carolina.

What characterized the middle grounds in colonial America?

Neither Europeans nor Native Americans held full control, requiring both sides to adapt and compromise.

How did the French build relationships with Native tribes in the 1600s?

The French built relationships through trade, marriage, and respect for chiefs.

What was the British approach to maintaining peace with Native Americans by the mid-1700s?

The British used gifts, ceremonies, and diplomacy to maintain fragile peace.

What was the Dominion of New England?

A consolidation of New England colonies under a single royal governor to tighten royal control.

What was the reaction of colonists to the Dominion of New England?

Colonists resisted because it reduced self-government and threatened their traditional rights.

Who was Sir Edmund Andros?

The royal governor who strictly enforced the Navigation Acts and dismissed colonial rights.

What was the outcome of the Glorious Revolution in England?

It overthrew James II and replaced him with William and Mary, restoring Protestant rule.

What impact did the Glorious Revolution have on the colonies?

It sparked uprisings that ended the Dominion of New England and revived representative assemblies.

What was the significance of Leisler's Rebellion and Coode's Rebellion?

Both revolts showed deep tensions over religion and power in the colonies.

What happened to Massachusetts after the Glorious Revolution?

Massachusetts became a royal colony with a crown-appointed governor.

How did the Glorious Revolution affect the relationship between colonies and the crown?

Even though assemblies returned, colonies were drawn tighter into the imperial system by the end of the century.