Finals ANAT

sinoatrial (SA) node

sinoatrial (SA) node

to start each heartbeat and set the rhythm for the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

 to delay and move electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles

atrioventricular (AV) bundle:

conducts the impulse from the AV node to the ventricles and is located in the interventricular septum.

Purkinje fibers:

to move electrical signals from the base of the ventricles toward the top of the heart

myocardial infarction

Death of heart muscle due to blocked blood flow.

Fibrillation

Abnormal heart rhythm causing rapid, irregular contractions.

Tachycardia

Abnormally HIGH heart rate.

Bradycardia

Abnormally LOW heart rate.

Hypertension

High blood pressure.

Hypotension

Low blood pressure

things that increase/decrease BP

INCREASING BP like stress, obesity, and high salt intake

DECREASING BP like dehydration, bleeding, and shock

vasoconstriction v. vasodilation

VASOCONSTRICTION NARROWS blood vessels, INCREASING blood pressure. 

VASODILATION WIDENS blood vessels, DECREASING blood pressure.

systolic pressure v. diastolic pressure

SYSTOLIC - HIGHER number and represents the pressure when the ventricles are CONTRACTING

DIASTOLIC - LOWER number and represents the pressure when the ventricles are RELAXING

arteries v. veins

Arteries and veins TRANSPORT blood around the body, but arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. ARTERIES & VEINS have 3 layers. Arteries do NOT have VALVES while veins do. Arteries have more muscle tissue compared to veins. 

systole v. diastole

SYSTOLE is the CONTRACTION phase, DIASTOLE is the RELAXATION phase.

Number of halves

Four - tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve (bicuspid), and aortic valve. 

AV valves

AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. They are open during heart relaxation (diastole) and closed during ventricular contraction (systole).

semilunar valves

Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles after contraction. They are closed during diastole and open during ventricular contraction (systole)

atria v. ventricles

ATRIA are SMALLER, UPPER chambers that RECEIVE blood.

VENTRICLES are LARGER, LOWER chambers that pump blood OUT.

pulmonary v. systemic circulation: 

Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation. 

Systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the body. The right side of the heart drives pulmonary circulation; the left side drives systemic circulation.

agonist (prime mover)

Muscle that provides the primary force for a particular movement 

Antagonist

Muscles that oppose or reverses a prime mover 

isometric

muscle changes length (ex.push ups)

isotonic

muscle tenses up but does not change length (ex. plank)

Origin

the point where a muscle attaches to a less moveable bone

Insertion

attachment to a moveable bone.

Flexion vs EXTENSION

Flexion DECREASES the angle of the joint brings two adjacent bones.Use

Extension: INCREASES the angle or distance, between two adjacent bones.

Abduction

moving a limb away from the midline of the body. A movement where you stand with your arms at your sides and then raise your arms away from your body would be described as

Adduction

opposite of abduction movement of a limb toward the body midline

Dendrite

the branching extensions of neurons that carry electrical signals towards the cell body. The receptive portion of a nerve cell.

Cell body

Metabolic center of the neuron. Contains nucleus. Nissel bodies and neurofibrils are important.

Axon

Generate nerve impulses and conduct them away from the cell body. Transmits signals to other neurons, muscles and glands.

Node of Ranvier

Gaps between the two myelin insulation sheaths, which insulate (speed up) the axon of neurons. To speed up propagation of action potentials along the axon via saltatory conduction.

Schwann cell

Produce myelin sheath.

axon terminal

Releases neurotransmitters.

myelin sheath

Wrapped around the Schwann cell, so the axon sends information out of the cell body faster

parasympathetic v. sympathetic: 

Parasympathetic conserves energy, digest, and promotes rest.

Sympathetic activates the fight or flight response.

somatic nervous system

allows us to voluntarily control our skeletal muscles, referred to as the voluntary nervous system

autonomic nervous system

involuntary. Referred to as the involuntary nervous system has 2 parts - the sympathetic and parasympathetic

afferent v. efferent

afferent carries sensory information to the CNS - ARRIVES in brain

efferent carries sensory information AWAY or EXITS in brain

proximal v. distal

proximal : TOWARD the LIMB

distal: AWAY FROM the LIMB

medial v. lateral

Medial: TOWARD the MIDLINE ex. The big toe is a medial (to the small toe) 

Lateral: TOWARD the OUTSIDE/LEDGE  ex. The ear is lateral to the nose

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

 assists the brain by providing protection, nourishment, and waste removal.

CNS v. PNS

(CNS): consists of the brain and spinal cord. Incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions. They send the information out to the body. 

(PNS): part of the nervous system outside the CNS. Consists nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord. Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain.