Chemistry - Chemical Changes & Structure

Flashcards for reviewing atomic structure, bonding, and chemical reactions.

What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons

What is the charge of a proton?

Positive

What is the charge of a neutron?

No charge (neutral)

What is the charge of an electron?

Negative

How do electrons orbit the nucleus?

Electrons orbit the nucleus.

What is the atomic number of an element?

The number of protons, which is equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

What is the mass number of an atom?

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to a different number of neutrons.

What type of atoms are involved in covalent bonding?

Non-metal atoms

How do atoms achieve a stable outer shell in covalent bonding?

By sharing pairs of electrons

List 3 properties of covalent molecular groups?

Small groups of atoms, low melting/boiling points, and they don't conduct electricity.

Describe covalent network structures.

Large, continuous structures with very high melting points that usually don't conduct electricity (except graphite).

What type of atoms are involved in ionic bonding?

Metal and non-metal atoms

What holds ions together in ionic bonding?

Strong electrostatic forces in a lattice structure.

List two properties of ionic compounds.

High melting/boiling points and they conduct electricity when molten or in solution.

What is a catalyst?

A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up itself by reducing the energy needed for the reaction.

How does decreasing particle size affect the rate of reaction?

The rate of reaction increases.

How does increasing temperature affect the rate of reaction?

The rate of reaction increases.

How does increasing concentration affect the rate of reaction?

The rate of reaction increases.

Define average rate of reaction.

Change in quantity divided by change in time.

What does a chemical formula show?

The types and numbers of atoms in a substance.

What does the valency of an atom represent?

The number of bonds an atom can form.

List the diatomic elements.

Hydrogen (H2), Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2), Chlorine (Cl2), Fluorine (F2), Bromine (Br2), Iodine (I2)

What are spectator ions?

Ions that do not take part in a reaction and are present in both reactants and products.

Give 4 examples of acids

Hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4(aq)), Nitric acid (HNO3(aq)), Phosphoric acid (H3PO4(aq))

What is the pH of an acid?

pH<7 (red)

What is the pH of an alkali?

pH>7 (blue)

What type of solutions are formed when soluble non-metal oxides dissolve in water?

Acidic solutions

What ions do dilute acids contain?

Hydrogen ions (H+(aq))

What gas is formed during the electrolysis of dilute acids at the negative electrode?

Hydrogen gas

What type of solutions are formed when soluble metal oxides dissolve in water?

Alkaline solutions

What type of solutions are formed when acids and bases react?

Salt and water

What type of solutions are formed when acid and metal hydroxide react?

Salt and water

What type of solutions are formed when acid and metal oxide react?

Salt and water

What type of solutions are formed when acid and metal carbonate react?

Salt, carbon dioxide, and water

What type of solutions are formed when acid and metal react?

Salt and hydrogen gas

Give 2 examples of catalysts?

Amylase (enzyme) and iron (in the Haber process for making ammonia)

Why do atoms form bonds?

To achieve a very stable arrangement for atoms with a full outer energy level.

What type of elements are involved in covalent bonds?

Non-metal elements

How do covalent bonds hold atoms together?

The shared pair of electrons is attracted to the nuclei of both atoms.

What are covalent molecules?

Groups of atoms held together by covalent bonds.