Reasoning and Intelligence

A set of 50 flashcards based on key concepts from the reasoning and intelligence psychology lecture.

What is fast thinking associated with in decision-making?

Heuristics, which are quick methods often leading to good decisions.

What is slow thinking associated with in decision-making?

Algorithms, which are more systematic and often more accurate.

What are the dual-processing theories of reasoning?

They distinguish between fast (unconscious) and slow (conscious) thinking.

Who are the psychologists associated with the study of reasoning mistakes?

Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.

What does analogical reasoning involve?

Applying earlier solutions to new problems based on perceived similarities.

What is the 'availability bias'?

Making decisions based on information that is readily available to us.

What was the conclusion from the rice grains on the chessboard example?

It illustrates the failings of fast thinking regarding exponential growth.

What type of reasoning is based on generating hypotheses from observations?

Inductive reasoning.

What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.

What practical application demonstrates confirmation bias in clinical practice?

Psychiatrists often stick to wrong preliminary diagnoses due to not seeking contradictory evidence.

What is deductive reasoning?

Drawing conclusions based on premises where the conclusion logically follows from the premises.

What is the difference between validity and soundness in syllogisms?

A syllogism is valid if its conclusion follows logically, and sound if it is valid with true premises.

What is the name of the test that uses visual patterns to measure fluid intelligence?

Raven's Progressive Matrices.

According to Tversky and Kahneman, what problem do people have with probabilities?

People struggle to reason accurately with probabilities, often confusing likelihoods.

What defines the Flynn effect?

An observed increase in IQ scores over time across various populations.

What is the heritability of IQ?

The proportion of variance in IQ attributed to genetic differences.

What do Cattell's concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence refer to?

Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason quickly, while crystallized intelligence involves using knowledge gained from experience.

What role does culture play in cognitive styles according to the lecture?

Western cultures tend to be more analytic, while non-Western cultures are more holistic.

What measurement is often correlated with intelligence in studies?

Academic success, career success, and longevity.

What is the primary goal of intelligence tests?

To measure abilities like reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding complex ideas.

Why is reasoning important in psychology?

It helps explain decision-making, biases, and cognitive errors.

What is a significant issue identified when analyzing group IQ differences?

There is considerable controversy and debate surrounding the interpretation of these differences.

What is inductive reasoning subject to according to the lecture?

Biases such as availability bias, confirmation bias, and predictable-world bias.

What can influence the heritability estimate of IQ?

Variability in environmental influences such as education and socio-economic status.

What is creative problem-solving as discussed in the lecture?

The process of finding solutions through innovative means often requiring breaking out of functional fixedness.

How does functional fixedness hinder problem-solving?

It restricts our ability to see alternate uses for objects and approaches to problems.

What is the relevance of fast and slow thinking in everyday choices?

It illustrates how decisions can be influenced by shortcuts (fast) or thorough analysis (slow).

In reasoning, what is the significance of using analogies?

Analogies help in understanding and solving new problems by applying known solutions.

What does research indicate about the relationship between gender and intelligence?

Males and females have similar IQ scores, but males show greater variability.

What was the method used to study the heritability of IQ?

Twin studies comparing identical twins to fraternal twins.

What is base rate neglect?

Ignoring statistical rates when making judgments about specific instances.

What is a major premise in a syllogism?

The first statement that offers a general rule.

What is an example of a reasoning mistake in psychopathology?

A patient believing they are a significant religious figure due to delusions.

What strategies help combat confirmation bias in diagnosis?

Encouraging disconfirmatory information searches and balanced analysis.

What aspect of reasoning do IQ tests emphasize?

The ability to identify relationships and solve problems logically.

What findings did the research on the confirmation bias in psychiatrists reveal?

Psychiatrists conducting confirmatory searches were less likely to make accurate diagnoses.

What impact does education likely have on IQ scores according to the lecture?

Increased educational opportunities can positively influence IQ scores.

What indicates the reliability of intelligence tests?

Consistency of scores across multiple testing occasions.

What is a common misconception about the effects of genetics and environment on intelligence?

That heritability estimates can explain group differences in intelligence.

What does the conclusion of Mendel et al.'s study suggest about confirmation bias?

It poses risks to accurate diagnoses and treatment plans in psychiatrists.

What cognitive style differences were found between Western and non-Western cultures?

Western cultures show analytic cognition while non-Western cultures demonstrate holistic cognition.