Catholicism: Continuity or Change

Give 3 features of the Church of the Gesu in Rome

Statue of faith trampling heresy

Huge nave

4 continents represented in Fresco

Define Reform Reformation

Going back to traditional ways is the best way to innovate

Weber

Catholic church was solely reactive because they were left behind by Calvinism and modernity

Von Rank

Counter reformation was reactive and mainly worked through repression

Eden

Was an active reform stemming from sentiment evident before Luther

Ditchfield

Sticking to counter or active reformation labels creates a Punch and Judy show

Who defines early modern Catholicism

O’Malley

State one cross pollination between Protestant and Catholic reform

focus of the lax morals of the clergy

What is conciliarism?

Upholding importance of council authority over papal authority

Name a council which suggests reform was already being called for

1414-1418 Council of Consatnce

Give a Card. Viterbo quote and where he gave it

5th Lateran Council

Hear the divine voices everywhere … demanding a Council, a hope for the upright

What did humanists seek to do?

go back to ad fontes

What did Valla prove?

Donation of Constantine was a forged medieval document

Name one Cardinal who was big on compromise

Cardinal Pole

Define Adiaphora

Stripping back ceremony to find doctrinal similarities

What did Cardinal Carafa say and when?

Mid-16th century

If my own father were a heretic, I would gather the wood to burn him

What is ironic about Carafa’s quote?

Calvin invoked the same old testament story in the same year

Give statistics for the Spanish inquisition

200,000 trials with 12,000 executed

When did the Spanish Inquisition begin?

1478

What stage of publication did Catholic censorship focus on?

Post-publication

Give 2 things suggested by the growing list of censored books

Level of organisation in censorship

Censorship was failing

Where was the bible allowed in the vernacular and why?

Germany and Eastern Europe

Challenges Protestantism on its own grounds

Name the 2 elements of tridentine reform

Doctrine

Institution

Name 2 reaffirmations of doctrine

Salvific role of sacraments

intercession of saints

Name 1 way doctrine was innovated

Standardisation of liturgy

How did Trent strengthen papal power?

Cardinal were exhausted so pope given power to enforce Trent’s decrees

What was a congregation?

Government ministries who dealt with all aspects of local church life

What did the building of St Peters Basilica do?

Provided infrastructure to be embracing and imposing

Name 2 changes to Bishoprics

Couldn’t be vacant

Bishop could only have one diocese

How did priests become a distinct social group?

Clothing, haircut, role in visitations

de vivo

Trent envisaged a trickle down model of reform

Give 3 ways the Jesuits were disticnt

Total obedience to Pope

Devoted to education

Primarily missionaries

Name one sacrament that massively developed and how

Confession

Introduction of confessional boxes

Give 3 pieces of evidence for new devotions

Donations for new altars

Elaborate monstrance’s

Elaborate tabernacles

Define confraternities

Voluntary associations of lay brothers and sisters

How many males in Italian cities were part of a confraternity?

1/3

Give 2 pieces of evidence for Interiorisation

Ignatius’ Spiritual Exercises

Rosary beads

Laven

a house of many mansions where the religion adapted to many varied social conditions

Name 2 countries where Catholicism became associated with national identity

Portugal

Poland

Why and how did Portugal make itself distinctive

Focused on Mary as a national Saint

Set themselves apart from Spain

Why did Poland make its Catholicism distinctive

To produce religion conformity in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth

Name one house set up by the Jesuits

1543 House of St Martha

O’Malley

There was more to being an early modern Catholic than to simply be unchangingly obedient

What unusual situation did early modern Ireland find itself in?

Catholic majority living under Protestant leadership

Gentilcore

seeking to weave a fabric of evangelisation… in areas of Europe that were nominally Catholic

Give 2 examples of compromise in New World Evangelisation

Wrong representation of Virgin Mary in Cuzco’s work

Peru’s native leaders and smearing of llama blood on house foundations