Biopsych Exam 1 Jeff Dyche

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

somatic nervous system

controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to CNS

autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary muscles (sympathetic & parasympathetic)

sympathetic nervous system

expends energy

parasympathetic nervous system

conserves energy

Horizontal plane

shows brain structures as seen from above

sagittal plane

shows brain structures as seen from the side

coronal plane

shows brain structures as seen from the front

rostral

toward the nose

dorsal

toward the back

ventral

toward the stomach

lateral

toward the sides

medial

toward the spinal cord/the middle

Hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation

medulla

basic behaviors like breathing/heartbeat

Pons

raphe nuclei

raphe nuclei

structures that produce brain's supply of serotonin

reticular formation

brain's battery (active = lots of energy, inactive = sleep state)

cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Midbrain

Tectum, superior/inferior colliculus, tegmentum, substantia nigra

Tectum

roof of the midbrain

superior colliculus

eye movement, orientation to objects

inferior colliculus

auditory, sound localization

tegmentum

movement paths (eye)

substantia nigra

dopamine origins for basal ganglia

Forebrain

Limbic system & cerebral cortex

Limbic system

amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus

amygdala

emotion (especially fear)

hippocampus

long term memory

thalamus

sensory switchboard (initial processing of all senses except smell)

hypothalamus

the four F's of survival (fight, flee, feed, f*ck)

cerebral cortex

the four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

frontal lobe

executive functioning/motor cortex

parietal lobe

sensory cortex

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

audition, face recognition, emotions

Bell-Magendie Law

admitting dorsal roots carry sensory info to the brain; while exiting ventral roots carry motor info to muscles/glands

hemispherectomy

surgical procedure where one cerebral hemisphere is removed; developed by Dr. Ben Carson for epilepsy

posterior

toward the rear end

anterior

toward the front end

An ionotropic receptor would be most likely involved in which event?

vision (and smell)

What did Sherrington conclude about neural firing?

(1) axon conduction is faster than reflex arc transmission

(2) synapse is the point of communication for neurons

(3) action potential depends on combined EPSPs and IPSPs

Benzodiazepines agonize which neurotransmitter?

GABA

Which brain area is associated with eating, drinking, body temperature regulation, and reproduction behaviors?

Hypothalamus

Otto Loewi

Discovered that neurons communicate via chemical signals through animal research on frogs

exocytosis

the process of neurotransmitter release from the vesicle

When cannabinoids attach to anandamide or 2-AG receptors, what direct effect do they have on the cell?

inhibit further release of neurotransmitters for a period of time

Which brain area controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate?

hindbrain

gyri

the "folds" on the surface of the brain

What agonizes adenosine?

Caffeine

temporal summation

Repeated stimuli within a short period of time have a cumulative effect on synapses

spatial summation

combination of effects of activity from two or more synapses onto a single neuron

the left hand and left foot are ____ to each other

ipsilateral

What is necessary for exocytosis?

calcium rushing into the cell

GABA is the most common ____ neurotransmitter in the CNS

inhibitory

Glutamate is the most common _____ neurotransmitter in the CNS

excitatory

biological psychology

the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior & experience

neurons

cells that convey messages to one another and to muscles/glands

monism

the idea that the universe consists of only one type of being

dualism

idea that mind and body are two separate entities

behavioral neuroscience

-most basic science level

-animal use very common

-requires surgical skills or cell recording

cognitive neuroscience

-uses fMRI, CT scans, PET scans

-blend of cognitive psych & neuro

clinical neuropsychology

-investigates neurological problems with humans

-most applied area

generalization

drawing broad inferences from sample observations (eg, animal research)

reductionism

"reducing" behavioral phenomena to biological terms

Who thought the heart was the location of intelligence?

Aristotle

What did Ancient Egyptians think of the brain?

not much; scooped out brain during burial, but valued heart & internal organs

Who thought the world was entirely mechanical?

Rene Descartes (dualism)

basic science

builds the knowledge base of science, often no obvious application, typically funded by government

applied science

applies knowledge from basic science, focus on practical problems/clinical application, sometimes funded by private donations

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

made detailed drawings of the nervous system; saw that nerve cells are separate from each other; observed dendrites (thought it was hair)

membrane

-separates inside of neuron from outside environment

-phospholipid bilayer (2 molecules thick)

-semi-permeable

nucleus

contains the chromosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations

soma

cell body

motor neurons

-soma in the spinal cord

-receives excitation through dendrites

-conducts impulses along axon to a muscle

sensory neurons

-soma on a little stalk off the main trunk

-specialized to be sensitive to stimulation

-conducts info from skin to spinal cord

dendrites

receives info from other cells & sends to cell body

dendritic spines

spines attached to the dendrites that (1) increase surface area and (2) form more connections

axon

sends info from cell body to axon terminals

myelin sheath

two purposes: speed and insulation

presynaptic terminal

end point on the axon

Efferent vs. Afferent

-SAME: sensory afferent/motor efferent

-afferent=admits info

-efferent=exits info

five types of glia

Astrocytes, microglia, radial, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

astrocytes

glial cells that wrap around the synaptic terminals of axons

Blood-brain barrier

separates the circulatory system from the nervous system (like a fence; some things can slip between the cracks)

area postrema

monitors both sides of the BBB; makes you vomit out toxins

action potential

BEGINNING OF ALL BEHAVIOR. BOOM SCIENCE.

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

-70mV

hyperpolarization

INCREASE in the NEGATIVE charge inside the neuron (more polarized)

depolarization

DECREASE in the NEGATIVE charge inside the neuron (less polarized)

all-or-none law

neuron fires at ONE strength (like a gun or toilet)

refractory period

period of time for neuron to restart after firing

What allows the body to use glucose?

thiamine (vitamin B)

What is the only nutrient that can cross the BBB in large quantities?

glucose

polarization

difference in electrical charge inside/outside the cell

What happens to the channels during resting potential?

Sodium & potassium channels are closed

selective permeability

some chemicals pass through the membrane more freely than others

Action potential (bang bang behavior)

1. sodium ions start mostly outside neuron and potassium ions start mostly inside

2. depolarization opens sodium channels slightly

3. threshold reached = sodium channels open wide and sodium rushes into cell

4. potassium channels begin to open

5. at peak of AP, sodium channels close/potassium channels open wide (potassium flows out of cell)

6. cell becomes hyperpolarized and enters refractory period

7. ready to fire again at -70mV