Studied by 42 people
What is the average yearly carbon increase in the atmosphere?
4PgC
What is the average yearly carbon output from fossil fuels and cement production?
7.8PgC
How much carbon does the ocean absorb each year on average?
2.3PgC
What is the average yearly carbon output from net land use change?
1.1 PgC
How much carbon do sedimentary rocks and ocean sediments store?
100,000,000 PgC
How much carbon do oceans store?
38,000 PgC
How much carbon do fossil fuels store?
4,000 PgC
How much carbon do soil and peat store?
1,500 PgC
How much carbon does the atmosphere store?
720 PgC
How much carbon do land plants store?
560 PgC
How much more carbon is annually cycled through the biological cycle than the geological cycle?
1000x
How much of the extra emissions of C02 since 1750 have stayed in the atmosphere?
About half
How much more carbon do the oceans hold than the atmosphere?
50x
How much carbon do phytoplankton sequester?
More than 2 billion tonnes from the atmosphere to the deep oceans
How long does carbon take to move between rocks, soil, oceans and the atmosphere?
100-200 million years
How much carbon does volcanic outgassing emit annually?
0.15 to 0.26 PgC
What % of global greenhouse gas emissions does agriculture emit?
11%
What % of all carbon does the atmosphere contain?
1%
How much bigger is the soil store than the atmosphere?
2x
What amount of human carbon emissions are in the oceans?
1/3
What % of excess heat from climate change is in the oceans?
80%
What is the 100 year global warming potential of methane?
23 compared to CO2 which is 1
How much more carbon does cold water hold than warm water?
10% more
Amazon changes from climate change
Western Amazon has experienced increased rainfall
Eastern Amazon has experienced decreased rainfall - drought and increased risk of forest fires
What is the minimum temperature increase required to cause coral bleaching?
1-2 degrees celsius
What are the energy security issues in Canada and the USA?
Questions of developing reserves in the Arctic and other sensitive areas e.g. Yukon
What are the energy security issues in Western Europe?
Dependency, wastefulness, lack of domestic supply
What are the energy security issues in Russia?
Huge surplus, inefficient use, used as a political weapon
What are the energy security issues in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Energy poverty, reliance on foreign TNCs to exploit supply e.g. Nigeria, Sudan
What are the energy security issues in the Middle East?
Supply security due to the role of unstable areas in energy supply, link between nuclear powers and weapons
What are the energy security issues in South Asia?
Rapidly growing demand, use of highly polluting sources like high sulphur coal
How many oil-fired power stations in the UK?
10
What % of the global energy mix is fossil fuel dependent?
80%
UK 2016 energy mix
44% gas
22% nuclear
12% wind
1% hydro
4% solar
8% biomass
9% coal
How much more carbon do peatlands store than the world’s forests?
2x more
What % of land in the northern hemisphere is covered in permafrost?
24%
How much sooner than predicted is climate warming in the Arctic melting permafrost?
70 years earlier
What % of top energy TNCs are state-owned?
50%
How many members of OPEC?
13
How much of the world’s oil do the OPEC countries own?
67%
What % of the world’s coal supply does Europe use?
15% (but produces little)
Mismatches in oil supply and demand
North America has 20% of supply but demands 24%
Middle East supplies 31% but Asia demands 34% and China alone is 12% of that
Mismatches in gas supply and demand
North America has 18% of supply but demands 27%
Middle East has 15% of supply but only demands 10% - surplus
Asia has no gas stores but demands 16%
Coal pathway
From 6 main producers (Australia, Indonesia, Russia, South Africa, Colombia, USA) to 4 main markets (EU, India, China, Japan-Taiwan-Korea)
Oil pathway
From producers in the Middle East to 4 major markets (EU, USA, East and South-East Asia)
Lesser producers are Nigeria and Venezuela
Gas pathway
From more producers (Middle East, Russia) to Europe
Lesser producers are Indonesia, Nigeria, Trinidad
Which countries get 100% of their gas from Russia?
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
What % of Canada’s oil output is tar sands?
40%
What % of US gas supply is shale gas?
25%
How deep do deepwater oil rigs drill under the sea?
2000m
What % of Brazil’s vehicles are sold with fuel flex engines?
90%
USA energy consumption facts
2nd in world for energy consumption
Population of 310 million
¾ of energy from fossil fuels
Very self-sufficient - 8% energy imported
France energy consumption facts
10th in world for energy consumption
Population of 65 million
8.6% of energy from fossil fuels, 75% from nuclear
½ of its energy is imported - less secure
How much do onshore wind energy and fossil fuels cost per unit?
Wind - 5p/unit
Fossil fuels - 10p/unit
Where is the world’s 2nd largest producer of natural gas?
Russia
What % of Gazprom is owned by the Russian state?
51%
What % of EU gas was Russian before 2022?
25%
Since when, and why, have tensions been hard between Russia and Ukraine?
Since 2004
Pro-west president elected
Russia opposed Ukraine desiring to join NATO and the EU
What has Russia done to Ukraine?
Russia cut gas supply to Ukraine on New Year’s Day
The countries failed to agree on the price that should be paid for gas in 2009 by NYE 2008
They failed to agree on the price that Russia should pay for gas transit to Europe through Ukraine
There were also claims that Ukraine had stolen gas
Gas supplies were completely halted from 7 January 2015 as Russia accused Ukraine from siphoning gas meant for European customers
This left 12+ countries without expected supplies and this was especially difficult for Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia
European countries had to shut down industrial plants and domestic heating, find alternative gas sources and switch energy plants to oil
When did Russia invade the Crimean Peninsula?
2014
How much of Ukraine’s gas comes from Russia?
50%
What years has Russia turned off Ukraine’s gas?
2005, 2006, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2017
How much of Russia’s gas does Gazprom produce?
92%
Who is Gazprom?
Russian majority state-owned TNC
Originated in the USSR and then was semi-privatised following the collapse of the USSR
Came under gov. control in 2005
Profit of $16.3 billion in 2019
Produced 12% of world’s natural gas in 2018
Gazprom image
State-owned so this creates a negative image due to association with Russian gov. - not many countries will currently buy Gazprom gas
Protested by organisations like Greenpeace due to their oil drilling in the Arctic
Gazprom’s role is energy supply
Produced 12% of world’s natural gas in 2018 and about 1/3 of EU gas
Many ex-Soviet countries are especially reliant on Gazprom as their grids are interconnected with Russia
Involved in exploration, production, transportation, sale, storage and processing of gas and oil
Gazprom current news
Much of Moldova will stop taking Gazprom gas
Nordstream 1 has been shut off for repairs but this could be seen as a retaliation for European sanctions - it has recently been running at 20% normal capacity
Who is Shell?
Formed in 1907 by a merge of 2 companies from the Netherlands and UK
2nd largest investor owned oil and gas company in the world
Profits of £32.2 bn in 2022
Provide around 10% of UK gas and oil
Shell image
Accused of profiteering after record 2022 profits
Accusations of greenwashing
Responsible for 1.67% of global greenhouse gas emissions between 1988 and 2015
Long history of oil spills
Shell’s role in energy supply
10% of UK gas and oil - reliability
Involved in searching for and recovering gas and oil, LNG, manufacturing oil products, refinery, shipping of crude oil
Shell current news
Announced intention to withdraw from joint ventures with Gazprom in Russia
Reached an agreement to, with BP, explore 3 deepwater blocks for hydrocarbon production in Trinidad and Tobago
Plans to renew focus and investment in oil and gas part of the business - will invest $40 billion in oil and gas production between 2023 and 2035
How many jobs did wind energy provide in the UK in 2022?
31,000
How many tonnes of carbon did wind energy avoid in the US in 2022?
336 million tonnes
How much does demand for secondary energy increase by in winter?
500%
What price does OPEC aim to keep oil at?
Roughly $100 a barrel
How much did Ofgem increase the household energy price cap by in 2022?
54%
What is the increased risk of cancer in some First Nation groups living near tar sands sites?
30% more
What % of oil production does Aramco have?
10.5%
How many customers doe E.on have?
48 million
What % of biofuels are food crop derived?
99%
What % of UK petrol is ethanol?
8%
What is the net afforestation gain in China?
500,000 ha+
Change in pH of the oceans?
Up until 1800s, the pH was 8.2 but had fallen to 8.1 by 2015
Coral reefs stop growing when pH reaches 7.8
How much faster have temperatures risen in the Arctic risen than the global average?
2x
How many people does fishing support?
500 million
90% of whom live in developing countries
When does energy demand peak in the UK?
At 8am and 5-7pm
What % of Norway’s energy is renewable?
95% - through HEP which is baseload compliant
What is the warming goal of COP?
1.5 degrees C by 2100
COP26 agreements
Countries would meet in 2022 to pledge further emissions cuts
Reduce use of coal
Pledges for money for developing countries to cope with climate change and switch to clean energy
Phase out fossil fuel subsidies
Stop deforestation by 2030
Cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030
COP 27 Agreements
Loss and damage fund to help poorer countries recover from the impacts of climate change
Agreements on forests and nature-based solutions
Recognition of sustainable patterns of trading
More rules for carbon trading
Growing food demand
By 2030, only 1 in 7 are expected to be eating less than 2,500 calories a day - greater food supply in developing countries
In 2013, 24% of emissions came from agriculture and land use change
What % is fishing of the annual protein consumption for many SIDS?
16%
How many people are reliant on the coral atolls of the Maldives?
220,000
How many visitors do the reefs of the Maldives attract each year?
1 million
What is RCP 8.5?
Business as usual - 3.2 to 5.4
What is RCP 2.6?
Strong mitigation - 1.5 - everyone signed up to this in Paris
What is RCP 6?
Some mitigation
How much warming could methane hydrates cause?
10 degrees
How much money did Costa Rica invest in forest conservation?
$500 million
How has forest cover increased in Costa Rica in 1 generation?
21% cover to 50% cover
Note 
Flashcard (121)