1920s Cultural Shifts, Economic Changes, and Global Fascism

What was the economy like during the New Era of Consumption?

The economy was growing the fastest ever.

What encouraged citizens to buy consumer goods?

Inventions in production, advertising, financing, and breakthroughs in electricity.

Which company pioneered moving assembly lines?

Ford Motor Company.

What characterized the new consumer culture?

Self indulgence, leisure, and self expression.

What happened to consumer debt during this era?

Consumer debt went up significantly.

What contributed to the achievement of mass culture?

More people bought from national brands and shared experiences like listening to the same radio and watching movies.

Who led the Jazz Age?

F. Scott Fitzgerald.

What was the 'New Woman' during the Jazz Age?

Flappers who challenged cultural norms of modesty and domesticity.

What continued during the Great Migration?

African Americans felt more free to speak out against injustice.

What cultural movement gave voice to new art and music?

The Harlem Renaissance.

What organization gained momentum to fight for black rights?

NAACP.

What was the modernist revolt?

A rise of modernism that appealed to science and broke free of tradition.

What significant theories did Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud contribute to modernism?

Einstein's theory of relativity and Freud's exploration of the subconscious.

What was the Armory Show of 1913?

The event where modern art first broke through.

What is consumer culture?

The idea of carefree spending after the Great War, characterized by somewhat reckless spending.

What is the Jazz Age?

The rise of jazz among young people, coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

What was the Great Migration?

A mass movement of African Americans to the North for better job opportunities and freedom from persecution.

What did the NAACP fight against?

Racial discrimination.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A black literary and artistic movement.

What is Negro nationalism?

The idea that black people should fully separate from mainstream American culture.

What is Modernism?

A widespread awareness that new ideas were making a sharp break with tradition.

What was the Armory Show?

A massive unveiling of modern art that was criticized for being meaningless.

Who were the Lost Generation?

Those who lost faith in western institutions and were looking for new values.

What was the Immigration Act of 1924?

A law that restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe.

What was the Sacco and Vanzetti case?

A case that confirmed fears that immigrants were radical.

What was the significance of the Scopes Trial?

It highlighted the conflict between science and religion in education.

What was Prohibition?

A law passed in 1920 that was largely disregarded and led to increased crime.

What did the term 'Return to Normalcy' refer to?

A promise to return to common-sense politics away from progressivism.

What was the Teapot Dome Affair?

A scandal involving the sale of oil contracts to friends of Harding's administration.

What was the Great Depression?

An economic downturn that caused 25% unemployment and high poverty rates.

What was Hoover's approach to the Great Depression?

He believed the federal government should not directly help the people.

What was the First New Deal?

Roosevelt's plan aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform.

What is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)?

An agency that insures savings in banks to reduce panic.

What was the National Recovery Administration (NRA)?

An agency that regulated worker rights and economic control.

What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act?

An act that paid farmers to reduce crop production to raise prices.

What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)?

Hoover's attempt to fix the depression by giving loans to banks and railroads.

What was the Bonus Expeditionary Force?

A group of veterans who camped out in Washington seeking early cash bonuses.

What did the Second New Deal aim to achieve?

To reshape the social structure and create a social welfare system.

What was the criticism of the New Deal?

Some claimed it expanded federal power too much, while others thought it was not radical enough.

What was the Dust Bowl?

A massive drought and winds that turned a lot of land unfarmable, forcing many to move from the Great Plains.

What was the Second New Deal?

A more radical version of the New Deal that pushed for long-term social reforms such as higher taxes on the wealthy, banking reform, and social security.

What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

Part of the Second New Deal, it became the nation's largest employer, focusing on infrastructure and hiring artists and cultural workers.

What did the Wagner Act guarantee?

It guaranteed workers' rights to unionize and collectively bargain.

What was the purpose of the Social Security Act?

It was designed to help the elderly, unemployed, and ill during times of struggle.

What was the Court Packing Scheme?

Roosevelt's attempt to add 6 new justices to the Supreme Court to gain a majority, which was rejected by Congress.

What is fascism?

A radical, totalitarian government on the rise in countries like Japan, Germany, and Italy.

Who was Benito Mussolini?

He took over the Italian government with his black-shirt supporters and eliminated all other political parties.

Who became the leader of the Nazi party in Germany?

Adolf Hitler.

What did Hitler believe about the Aryan race?

He believed it was the master race and superior to all others.

What was the Munich Pact of 1938?

It gave Hitler Czechoslovakia as a 'final' expansion, which France and Britain tried to appease.

What was the significance of the non-aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin?

It allowed them to split Poland and invade without conflict between each other.

What was the Lend Lease Act?

It allowed the U.S. to lend weapons to foreign countries fighting dictatorships, especially Britain.

What was the Battle of Britain?

A significant air battle where Nazis attacked Britain but were largely fended off.

What was the Atlantic Charter?

A joint statement by Churchill and Roosevelt calling for the creation of the United Nations.

What event sparked America's entrance into WWII?

The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan.

What was the War Production Board?

It moved industries into war production to support the war effort.

What was the North Africa Campaign?

A military campaign by Britain and the U.S. to relieve pressure off of Stalin.

What was Operation Overlord?

The planned attack on the heavily fortified French coast, known as D-Day.

What was the outcome of the Yalta Conference?

Stalin agreed to the creation of the UN and democratic elections in liberated countries but demanded territory.

What was the significance of the atomic bomb dropped on Japan?

It led to Japan's unconditional surrender, ending WWII.

What were the major U.S. victories in the Pacific?

The Battle of Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway.

What was the Kamikaze campaign?

A Japanese tactic involving suicide attacks by pilots against Allied ships.

What was revealed as German lands were fully taken over?

The full extent of the Holocaust.