pure substance

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Ecosystem

A community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system.

Biotic

Living components of an ecosystem, such as plants and animals.

Community

A group of different species that live together in one area.

Abiotic

Non-living components of an ecosystem, such as water and minerals.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.

Food Chain

A linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass.

Species

A group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring.

Food Web

A complex network of feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem.

Extirpation

The local extinction of a species from a specific habitat.

Producer

Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants.

Extinction

The end of an organism or a group of organisms, resulting in no living members.

Consumer

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

Endangered

A species at risk of extinction due to a decrease in population.

Omnivore

An organism that eats both plants and animals.

Threatened

A species that is likely to become endangered in the near future.

Biodiversity

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat.

Non-native species

Species that are introduced to an ecosystem where they do not naturally occur.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support.

Niche

The role or function of an organism or species within an ecosystem.

Trophic level

The position an organism occupies in a food chain.

Predator

An organism that hunts and eats other organisms.

Parasitic

A relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another.

Commensalism

A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Valence Shell

The outermost shell of an atom that contains its valence electrons.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together.

Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing its identity.

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.

Chemical Property

A characteristic that can only be observed during a chemical reaction.

Ion

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a charge.

Physical Change

A change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition.

Ionic Compound

A compound formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Chemical Change

A change that results in the formation of new chemical substances.

Molecular Compound

A compound formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Pure Substance

A material with a constant composition that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical means.

WHMIS

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System, a communication standard for hazardous materials.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.

Static

A stationary electric charge, typically produced by friction.

Current

The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).

Electrostatic series

A list of materials arranged in order of their ability to hold or transfer electric charge.

Ammeter

An instrument used to measure electric current in a circuit.

Resistance

The opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω).

Power

The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit, measured in watts (W).

Charge

A property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.

Potential Difference

The difference in electric potential between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V).

Induction

The process of generating an electric current in a conductor by changing the magnetic field around it.

Friction

The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.

Conduction

The transfer of heat or electricity through a material without any movement of the material itself.

Electroscope

An instrument used to detect electric charge by the movement of leaves or a needle.

Friction (Method of Charging)

Charging by rubbing two different materials together, resulting in the transfer of electrons.

Conduction (Method of Charging)

Charging by direct contact between a charged object and a neutral object.

Induction (Method of Charging)

Charging without direct contact, where a charged object induces a charge in a neutral object.

Series circuit

A circuit in which the components are connected end-to-end, so that the current flows through each component in turn.

Parallel Circuit

A circuit in which the components are connected across common points or junctions, providing multiple paths for current.

Efficiency

The ratio of useful output energy to input energy, expressed as a percentage.

Solar Nebula Theory

The theory that the solar system formed from a large cloud of dust and gas.

Astronomical unit

The average distance from the Earth to the Sun, approximately 150 million kilometers.

Lunar eclipse

An event that occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, blocking sunlight from reaching the Moon.

Solar eclipse

An event that occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth, blocking sunlight from reaching the Earth.

Ohm's Law Formula

V=IR

I=V/R

R=V/I

Valentina is Real

Slope Formula

y2-y1/x2-x1

Chemical Control

Widely used chemicals/pesticides that are used on agricultural pests and forests, reduce crop damage.

Mechanical Control

Being controlled by barriers, or cutting down/burning/removing plants by hand.

Biological Control

Bringing other organisms into an ecosystem intentionally to control an invasive species.

Photosynthesis

A process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy and oxygen using light energy from the sun. Formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Cellular Respiration

A process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATp

Rocky Planets

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Gas Giants

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Planets in Order from the Sun

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Meteoroid

a small, rocky body that travels through space

Meteor

A streak of light in the sky produced by the burning of a meteoroid in Earth's atmosphere.

Comet

A ball of frozen dust and rock that orbits the sun and has a tail that glows

Meteroite

a meteroid that has passed through the atmosphere and hit earths surface

Nuclear Fusion

a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.

4 Layers of the Sun

1. Core

2. Photosphere

3. Chromosphere

4. Corona

Sun's Core

The inner most layer of the Sun where nuclear fusion, converting Hydrogen into Helium, takes place.

Sun's Corona

the Sun's upper atmosphere--only visible during an eclipse, turns into the Solar Wind

Sun's Photosphere

very thin layer where hot gases rise and give off visible light and heat; temperature of 6,000 degrees K; sunspots are located here

Sun's Chromosphere

glowing, transparent layer of gas surrounding the photosphere; thousands of Km thick and very hot

Qualatative Data

Data describes the quality or appearance, physical

Quantative data

Data that can be measured in numbers, numerical

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Canion

A positively charged ion

1st Trophic Level

Producers/autotrophs

2nd Trophic Level

Primary consumers (mostly herbivores)

3rd Trophic Level

Secondary consumers (carnivores and omnivores)

4th Trophic Level

Tertiary consumers

Primary Consumers

An organism that eats producers

Secondary Consumers

eat primary consumers

Producers

Organisms that make their own food through Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Tertiary Consumers

Eats secondary consumers

Power Formula

power = work/time

1kW =

1000 Watts