DP 1 Global Politics Final Exam Review

Actor

Entity that takes actions that affect politics

Stakeholder

Entity that is affected by political actions

State

Has defined borders, permanent population, recognition, central government, sovereignty, monopoly on use of force

Nation

a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity

Nation-state

A state that only contains a single nation

Intergovernmental organization

Groups created by agreement amongst states that serve policy goals; e.g. Interpol

Supragovernmental Organization

Groups created by agreement amongst states that have power to bind members; e.g. NATO

Nongovernmental Organization

A nonprofit association or group operating outside of government that advocates and pursues policy objectives; e.g. Amnesty International

Social Movement

a widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order; does not need defined organization or leadership; e.g. Black Lives Matter

Resistance Movement

Social movement that is willing to violate the law; e.g. Arab Spring, Umbrella Movement

Interest Group

a group of people with common goals who organize to influence government; has defined leadership and organization (passes logo test)

Formal Political Forum

Area defined by law or agreement for political discussion; legislatures, debates

Informal Political Forum

Area where political discussion happens by circumstance- community meetings, street discussion

Structural Factors

Influences on politics that are written into law- legislatures, courts, bureaucracy

Dynamic Factors

Things that can change, but still have political effects- media coverage, alliances

Hard Power

Use of coercive economic or military force to influence behavior

Soft Power

The reliance on diplomacy, negotiation, and reputation to solve international problems.

Smart Power

combination of hard and soft power as appropriate

Power to

The ability to do something

Power over

ability to force someone else to do something

Power with

Ability to combine with others to achieve goals

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

External challenges to sovereignty

Globalization, interference from other states, supranational organizations, humanitarian intervention

Internal challenges to sovereignty

Indigenous land claims, transnational cultural groups, nationalist movements, violent non-state actors, "race to the bottom"

Legitimacy

The population's belief that a government has authority to rule them

Sources of legitimacy

can include popular elections, constitutional provisions, nationalism, tradition, governmental effectiveness, economic growth, ideology, religious heritage and organizations, and the dominant political party's endorsement

Challenges to legitimacy

political, economic, and social instability; inability to govern effectively; inability to ensure well-being of citizens; excessive use of force and threats; violence, oppression, human rights violations.

Global Governance

The regulation and coordination of transnational issue areas by nation-states, international and regional organizations, and private agencies through the establishment of international regimes.

United Nations Development Program

dedicated to elimination of poverty and increasing standards of living

UN Human Rights Council

Formal forum for discussion of human rights issues and creation of reports

International Court of Justice

Court that resolves disputes between member nations. Can handle some human rights disputes (e.g. South Africa's recent suit vs. Israel)

Collective Security Agreement

attack on one is an attack on all; multiple countries join for defense against common enemies; e.g. NATO

Strategic alliance

Two countries agree to defend each other.

Realist

Belief in anarchic political system, all countries are seeking power, focuses on hard power as main source of advantage

Liberal

Optimistic belief that conflict is decreasing and international situation is always improving.

Neo-liberal

Belief that international trade reduces incentives to have conflict

Democratic Peace Theory

Belief that democracies are less likely to go to war, especially against each other.

Institutional Liberal

Belief that creating international governance organizations (e.g. UN) reduces conflict

Marxism

Belief that capitalism is the source of international conflict

International Criminal Court

A permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity

Universal Jurisdiction

a legal concept that permits states to claim legal authority beyond their national territory for the purpose of punishing a particularly heinous criminal that violates the laws of all states or protecting human rights

UN Declaration of Human Rights

Foundational document for human rights in the international system, adopted in 1948

Cultural Relativism

Belief that moral right and wrong can differ depending on cultural factors

Cairo Declaration

Human rights agreement that is signed by most Islamic countries

UNDESA (UN Dep. of Economic and Social Affairs)

Supports elimination of poverty

World Bank

Gives out loans to countries for development projects.

Structural Adjustment Program

Changes World Bank may require as loan condition

International Monetary Fund

IGO that monitors and addresses inflation. Sometimes gives loans for purposes of addressing inflation.

World Trade Organization

IGO that lowers barriers to trade such as tariffs and regulations.

Race to the bottom

Governments reduce or eliminate regulation to attract investment