Pharmacology and Pharmacy

analgesics

a drug that relieves pain without loss of other sensations. oxymorphone (numorphan), hydromorphone, butorphanol, tramadol, fentanyl , meperidine (dermerol). pentazoline (Talwin)

anthelmintic

a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body.

anticonvulsants

used to control seizures

antimicrobial

drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms or microbes

antiseptics

chemical agents that slow or stop the growth of micro-organisms on external body surfaces, helping prevent infections.

bactericidal

kills bacteria; fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin, zeniquin, ofloxacin. cephalosporins, penicillins

bacteriostatic

inhibits bacterial replication; tetracyclines, xoytetracycline

bronchodilator

drugs that inhibit bronchoconstriction

controlled substance

substance with potential for physical addiction, psychological addiction and or abuse. also known as schedule drugs. logs must include receipts for purchase or sale of controlled substances and must be maintained for 2 years. Labels must have an uppercase C followed by Roman numeral which denotes the drugs theoretical potential for abuse.

disinfection

is the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins

decongestant

reduce congestion (vascular engorement) of the mucous membrane

dose

the amount of drug administered at one time. always state the dose in units of mass not product units like tablets or capsules or volume

elixir

solution of drugs dissolved in sweetened alcohol. used for drugs that don’t readily dissolve in water so don’t dilute with water because the water will stratify into a layer separate from the elixir solution

emetics

drugs that induce vomiting. controlled by neurons in medulla of the brainstem or vomiting center. don’t use if corrosive substances or volatile liquid were ingested. apomorphine is less effective in cats. instead use xylazine (rompun, anased)

enteric coated tablet

powdered drugs encased in gelatin capsules. The coating will be protected from acidic environments, preventing it from disolving until it enters the intestine. enteric means having to do with intestinal tract

expectorants

compounds that increase the fluidity of mucus in the respiratory tract by generating liquid secretions

neuroleptanalgesia

state of CNS depression and analgesia induced by a combination of a sedative or tranquilizer and an analgesic

NSAIDs

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication. ibuprofen and naproxen NSAIDS are sensitive to dogs and cats, causing liver and renal failure

osmotic diuretic

mannitol (a carbohydrate sugar). a solute that osmotically retains water in the renal tubular lumen. used to reduce cerebral edema associated with head trauma and as a diuretic for flushing absorbed toxins from the body.

per os

By mouth (PO)

pharmacokinetics

describes how drugs move into, through and out of the body. it involves absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination

positive inotropic drugs

drugs that increase the strength of contraction of a weakened heart. digoxin is the drug of choice for maintaining long term positive inotropic effects by increasing calcium. theraputic dosage is close to toxic dosage. pimobendan is both inotropic and vasodilator. dobutamine is also inotropic used for short term managment of heart failure and for shock patients when fluid therapy alone is not working

proprietary name

trade name given by manufacturer to its particular brand of drug “brand name”. Capitalize first letter. have TM

residue

an accumulation of a drug, chemical, or its metabolites in animal tissues or flood products resulting from drug administration to an animal or contamination of food products

sanitizers

substance or product that is used to reduce pathogenic agents

therapeutic range

detrimental effects are minimized and benefits are maximized. if excessive dose results in accumulation of to much drugs then drug concentrations are said to be toxic. too low and its considered subtherapeutic level. dose, dosage interval and route of administration

vermicide

used to kill intestinal worms

virucidal

kills viruses

CVM

center for Veterinary Medicine requires that drug container labels list specific items, including generic and trade names of the medication and drug dose, quantity in the drug container, name and address of manufacturer and manufacturers lot number, expiration date, instructions for use

sustained release forms

release small amounts of the drug into the intestine lumen over an extended period

suppositories

inserted into the rectum where they dissolve and release the drug to be absorbed across the membrane of the intestinal wall. intended to have prolonged absorption providing a more sustained effective drug concentration in the body

solution

liquid mixture that doesn’t settle out if left standing

suspension

drug particles are suspended but not dissolved and will settle to the bottom

syrups

solutions of drugs with water and sugar

tinctures

alcohol solutions meant for topical application.

liniments

contain drug in an oil base that are rubbed into the skin

lotion

drug suspensions or solutions that are dabbed, brushed, or dripped onto the skin without rubbing (poison ivy medication)

pastes

given orally

implants

solid dosage forms that are injected or inserted under the skin an dissolve or release a drug over an extended period

injections

parenterally administered

ampules

sealed glass container. must be broken to open

most common syringe size

3, 6, 12, 20, 35, 60ml

luer lock tip

slip tip

eccentric tip

catheter tip

syringe components

plunger, barrel, hub, needle, and dead space (area in which fluid remains when plunger is completely depressed)

Tuberculin syringe

holds up to 1 ml with a 25 gauge needle. some have dead space which can throw off controlled substance calculation. those without deadspace screw in

insulin syringe

usually supplied with 25 gauge needle, has no dead space. divided into units instead of millimeters

needle length

measured from tip of the hub to the end of the shaft. lengths longer than 1 inch are used for large animals and occasionally for biopsy

components of presciption

name, address, and telephone of the person who wrote the prescription. date when it was written. Owners name, animals name, species. Rx symbol (recipe, latin for take thou). drug name, concentration, number of units to be dispensed. sig, abb of signa latin for write or label - indicating directions for the client in treating the animal. signature of person who wrote the script. DEA registration number if drug is controlled. may also require owners address and phone number

C I

extreme potential for abuse. with no approved medicinal purpose in the united states. heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and marijuana. can’t be prescribed by veterinarians under any circumstances.

C II

high potential for abuse. use may lead to severe physical or psychological dependence. opium, pentobarbital, and morphine. can’t be telephoned to a pharmacist or have a written order follow a verbal one in 72 hours. these prescriptions may not be refilled only new prescriptions

C III

potential for abuse but less than for C II. may lead to low to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence. ketamine, buprenorphine, and anabolic steroids.

C IV

low potential for abuse. may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence. phenobarbital and diazepam (Valium)

C V

low potential for abuse, subject to state and local regulation (robitussin AC, which contains small amounts of codeine)

Dose regimen

total amount of drug delivered to the animal in 24 hours times dose by the frequency of administration (100 mg four times= 400mg)

Intraperitoneal injection

administered into the abdominal body cavity and may be used when IV or IM injections are not practical (with lab animals or large quantities)

well perfused tissue

rich blood supply. active skeletal muscle, liver, kidney and brain

biotransformation

liver is primary organ used in metabolism but other tissues like lungs, skin and intestinal tract also contribute. affected strongly by dehydration, kidney, liver, or heart disease

hydromorphine

used to induce vomiting as a side effect but may also sedate and cause bradycardia.

ipecec

doesn’t induce vomiting until 10-30 min. it must pass through stomach into intestine to produce local irritation and must be absorbed so this can lead to over dosing. could use hydrogen peroxide, warm salt water, powdered mustard and water

antiemetics

decrease vomiting reflex. phenothiazine tranquilizers, acepromazine, chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine for motion sickness.

antidiarrheals

combat various types of diarrhea. narcotics like diphenoxylate (combined with atropine in Lomotil), paregoric (tincture of opium), loperamide (imodium). may mask pain that could indicate progression or resolution of disease. may cause morphine mania in cats. anticholinergics may reduce spastic colonic contractions.

cyproheptadine, diazepam, and benzodiazepine

is a serotonin antagonist antihistamine used in cats. it doesn’t work in other species. appetite stimulating drugs

vasodilators

nitroglycerin relaxes the blood vessels on the venous side of the circulation, may also help dilate coronary arterioles. well absorbed through skin and mucous membranes. enalapril, benazepril, captopril, relax smooth muscles of arterioles and veins

diuretics

drugs that increase urine output and water loss for congestive heart failure. loop diuretics such as furosemide (Lasix) produce diuresis by inhibiting sodium reabsorption. long term use can result in hypokalemia (low blood potassium level)

radioactive iodine

used to treat hyperthyroidism

oxytosin

used to increase uterine contractions

Sevoflurane, isoflurane

inhalant anesthetic had the shortest induction and recovery times

Xylazine

calming effect; decreased stimulus response; light analgesic, and emetic effects in cats

Metronidazole

antibiotic is also used to help treat Protozoa found in the intestine

Amitraz

insecticide is particularly toxic to cats

Acetaminophen

anti-inflammatory, is toxic to cats

Neutraceuticals

biologically based on herbs

glucocorticoid

steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex used to treat pain and inflammation, overuse of these causes Cushing's Syndrome

estradiol cypionate

is an injectable estrogen used after mismating in dogs

cephalosporins

classified by generations, according to when they first developed

Lufenuron

interferes with the development of the flea's chitin, which is essential for proper egg formation and larval exoskeleton

aceaminophen

metabolites of this have severe side effects, a single extra strength tablet (500mg) can kill an average size cat and cause hepatic necrosis in dogs. can be found in over the counter cold and flu meds

Benzalkonium chloride

a common quaternary ammonium compound used to disinfect inanimate objects

insulin for dogs

NPH Humulin H, Novolin N, PZI)

insulin for cats

(Glargine, Prozinc) longer acting

Barbiturates

Long-term control of seizures; euthanasia

Yohimbine

reversal of CNS depression from xylazine and dexmedetomidine

doxapram

CNS stimulant that increases respiration

vermifuge

paralyzes the worm resulting in passing live worms in stool

iodophore and biguanides

topical antiseptics used before surgical procedures or for disinfection of tissue. combination of iodine and a carrier molecule the releases the iodine over time (polyvinylpyrolidone)

biguanides

chlorhexidine antiseptic commonly used to clean cages and to treat various superficial infections in animals used because of low skin irritation. binds to outer surface of skin for up to 24 hours if left in contact with the site

insulin

can be inactivated by violent shaking of the vial

enteric

drugs or functions related to the small intestines

gastric

drugs or functions related to stomach

colonic

drugs or functions related to the colon

enterotoxins

activated charcoal absorbs toxins to its surface, preventing them from contacting the bowel wall

PromAce

Phenothiazine tranquilizers- reduces anxiety

meclizine

Bonine

prochlorperazine

compazine

Metoclopramide

Reglan (antiemetic that is also local antiemetic activity. used for animals with slow gut motility

Diphenhydramine

Benadryl

Dimenhydrinate

Dramamine