exam 2 - mgmt 363

Motivation

set of energetic forces that determine the direction, intensity, and persistence of an employee’s work effort

Engagement

A term commonly used in the workplace to summarize motivation levels

Expectancy Theory

Motivation is fostered when employee believes 1)effort will result in performance, 2)performance will result in outcomes, 3)outcomes will be valuable

Expectancy

belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in successful performance on a task

Self-efficacy

belief that a person has the capabilities needed to perform the behaviors required on some task, believe you can succeed

Supportive leadership

showing you’ll do something to help them succeed

Access to Resources

trainings, tools, resources, etc

Past accomplishments

level of success or failure with similar tasks in the past

Vicarious experiences

observations of and discussions with others who have performed some task

Verbal persuasion

pep talks that lead employees to believe they can get the job done

Emotional cues

positive/negative feelings that can help/hinder task accomplishment

Instrumentality

belief that successful performance will result in some outcome

Valence

anticipated value of the outcomes

Needs

groupings of outcomes viewed as having critical consequences

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological, Safety&Security, Belongingness, Esteem, Self-Actualization

Alderfer’s ERG theory

Existence, Relatedness, Growth - not hierarchical

Frustration Regression

can’t satisfy a need, so you over-satisfy another

McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory

Achievement, Power, Affiliation - you are not born with these you acquire them

Achievement

need to obtain a goal/achieve something

Power

need to be in control

Affiliation

need to develop/have connections

Direction

influences goals the most

Extrinsic motivation

desire to put forth work due to an outside factor

Intrinsic motivation

desire to put forth work due to an internal factor

Meaning of money

money can have symbolic value (achievement, respect, freedom) in addition to economic value

Goal setting theory

theory that views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity/persistence of effort

Specific goals

goals that stretch employees to perform at their max, while being within their ability

Self-set goals

internalized goals people use to monitor their own progress

Task strategies

learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance

Feedback

info employers give employees about their skills/knowledge and how they fit into the orgs plans

Task complexity

degree to which info and actions needed to complete a task are complicated

Goal commitment

degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to reach it

SMART goals

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Results-Based, Time-Sensitive

Equity Theory

motivation is maxed when employee’s ration of outcomes to inputs matches those or some comparison other

Comparison other

another person who provides a frame of reference for judging equity

Equity distress

internal tension that results from being overrewarded or underrewarded relative to a comparison other

Cognitive distortion

reevaluation of the inputs an employee brings to a job

Internal comparison

comparing oneself to someone in the same company

External comparison

comping oneself to someone in a different company

Psychological empowerment

energy rooted in the belief that tasks are contributing to some larger purpose

Meaningfulness

captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person’s own ideals and passions

Self-determination

sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks

Competence

capability to perform work tasks successfully

Impact

sense that a person’s actions make a difference

Process theories

Expectancy theory, Goal setting theory, Equity theory - what’s happening in people’s minds

Direction

what you’re doing

Intensity

how much effort

Persistence

staying with it

Achievement

contribute more to success of org = more money

Respect

more money, more authority, more respect

Freedom

get to do more things and enjoy them