Jerusalem Test 2 Review

Julian

(361-363)-Byzantine emperor. Julian the Apostate held the throne of Jerusalem. Anti-Christian who promised to rebuild the temple and restore religious sacrifices in order to garner support from Jews.

Eudocia

(443-460)- Wife of Theodosis 2, exiled to Jerusalem. Massive construction projects- Expanded walls to protect suburbs, and built massive basilica and palace.

Nea Church

(527-565)- First major church built in several centuries not associated with a historical location. Built by Justinian from the stones and columns salvaged from the Temple mount, and considered an affront by the Jews of the empire.

Madaba Map

(500s)- Capret Mosaic map of Jerusalem from church in Jordan. Oldest found map of Jerusalem.

Heraclius

(622)- Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Invades Persian empire and reconquers Jerusalem in 629 CE.

Omar

(634-644)- Conquers Jerusalem in 638 with little or no bloodshed after a 2-year-long siege. Prays on the site of the current Masjid al-Aqsa. Begins Islamic rule in Jerusalem.

Madinat Bayt al-Maqdis

Name for Jerusalem given during the period of Omar,

Mu'awiya I

(660-681)- Rises to power as first Umayyad Khalif after a battle with the last of the four Illustrious Khalifs- Ali. Rebuilds the supporting walls of the Temple Mount and renames it as the Haram al-Sharif. Permits Jews back into the city.

Masjid al-Aqsa

(mid 600s)- Mosque on southern part of the Temple Mount (facing Mecca) built by Mu'awiya. Forever links the Haram al-Sharif with the life of Muhammad and the Qu'ran.

Haram al-Sharif

(mid 600s)- Name given to the Temple Mount during the time of Mu'awiya. Linked with Islam by naming the mosque al-Aqsa.

Khalif Abd al-Malik

(685- 705)- Built the Dome of the Rock.

al-Abbas

(747-750)- Coordinates with Abu Moslem and argues that legitimate Caliphate is through the descendants of one of the Prophet Muhammad's uncles. Rises to power and eliminates the Umayyad dynasty and Abu Moslem to consolidate his power and set his status as Caliph.

Haroun al-Rashid

(786-809)- Allows the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne to create a Christian Quarter in Jerusalem due to gifts and diplomatic missions between the two Monarchs.

Fada'il al-Quds

(900s)- Genre of Islamic Literature, "Praises of Jerusalem".

al-Hakim

(996-1021)- The Egyptian Fatimid Caliph. Begins the Caligulan chapter in Islamic history. In 1009, orders the destruction of Jewish and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, including the Holy Sepulcher which is razed to its foundation.

Fatimids

(900s)-Egyptian dynasty that rose in N. Africa and settle in Egypt. Chose Jerusalem as its religious center.

Seljuks

Late 900s Century - Another Caliphate rival to Fatimids. Controlled Jerusalem until 1908.

Godfrey of Bouillon

(1096)- Led an arm of French noblemen, other Europeans, and Norman Englishmen during the First Crusade with the title, "Protector of the Holy Sepulcher". Conquered and became the first ruler of the kingdom of Jerusalem.

Templum Domini

(1142) - Dome of the Rock was consecrated as this name in the aftermath of the first crusade.

Al-Sulami

Published book "The Book of Holy War" in 1105. Saw internal Islamic conflict as reason for decline in Islamic power in the Levant.

Horns of Hattin

(1187) - An extinct volcano with twin peaks near the western shores of the Sea of Galilee. Saladin defeats crusader forces here.

Balian of Ibelin

(1187) - One of the few survivors of the Battle of Hattin. Led Jerusalem defenses against Saladin's conquest despite dwindling numbers of troops. Threatened Saladin they would fight to the death if not allowed to surrender.

Ayyubids

(Late 1100s - Early 1300s) Muslim dynasty founded by Saladin centered in Egypt after the Fatimid Dynasty in 1171. Launched many conquests throughout the Middle Eastern region and dismantled much of Jerusalem and its fortifications.

al-Kamil

(1229) - The fourth Ayyubid Sultan who signs the Treaty of Jaffa with Frederick II. This treaty turns Jerusalem over to the Crusaders as a Christian city but the Ayyubids get the surrounding region and also get Muslim control of the Haram al Sharif. When he dies, the Ayyubid Caliphate factionalizes.

Mamluks

(1300-1516) - Former slave-soldiers who ascend to the Ayyubid sultanate. Mamluks defeat Genghis Khan's army in 1300 and then rule Jerusalem from 1300-1516 without facing any threats. Embellish the Haram al Sharif.

Rebellion of 1703

(1703!!!) - A revolt led by Mustafa al-Husseini, a descendent of the Prophet Muhammad, after the local Ottoman governor, Jurji Mohammed Pasha, was getting rich from excessive taxes. In 1705, two years after overtaking the city, significant internal conflict combined with Ottoman opposition allowed the Ottomans to retake Jerusalem.

Napoleon's Letter to the Jews

(Late 1700s) - Letters sent by Napoleon asking for the Jews to help defeat the Ottomans. Napoleon was stranded in Egypt, so he marches to capture Syria. Napoleon's excursion renews European artistic and archaeological interest in the region.

Holy Sepulcher Fire of 1808

(1808)- Fire that destroyed the dome of the Church as well as the tomb built for Christ. It is unclear whether is was started by the Greeks or the Armenians Lead to the church being rebuilt which was resisted by Muslims leading to rebellion/conflict in Jerusalem.

Mehmet ali

(1831)- Mehmet (Muhammad Ali) an Albanian turk lead an Egyptian army of 40 to 90k troops to get Syria and Palestine from Ottoman control. Seized Jerusalem in 1831 as a part of his conquests.

Russian Compound

1800s - Pilgrimage center settled outside the walls of Jerusalem for Russian Orthodox immigrants as well as Jews fleeing the Empire. Jerusalem's population swells with Jews coming to compounds like this to escape the empire's anti-semitism.

Moses Montefiore

1800s - Very wealthy man from Great Britain who helped shape Jewish Settlements. He built the very first Jewish residential settlement outside the walls in Jerusalem.

Dreyfus Affair

(1895-1906)- French military officer accused of being a German spy who was a Jew. Revealed a large amount of anti-semitism in France as people chanted "death to jews" as he was sentenced for treason. Example used by Herzl as the "Jew problem" in order to justify a Jewish homeland which currently influences the Israeli-Arab conflict in Jerusalem to this day.

Theodor Herzl

(1890s)- Leader of Zionist movement. Was convinced that Jews needed a homeland. Convenes the First Zionist Congress in Basle in 1897. Significant to Jerusalem as he helped create the narrative of a Jewish homeland that is used to argue for Israel's control of Jerusalem.

David Lloyd George

(1908-1915)- British politician hired by Herzl to draft proposal of Jewish statehood, eventually became British prime minister. Helped draft Balfour declaration. Had discrete plans to capture Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire and use it to create Jewish state and destroy the Ottomans.

Second Aliyah

(1904-1914) - Mass Jewish immigration to Ottoman ruled land of Israel from Russia and Yemen. Lead to more Jewish presence and pressure on places like Jerusalem that Jews desired as a homeland for themselves.

Filastin

1910 to present - Palestinian newspaper founded in 1910. Was created as a response to Arab suppression that created a sense of Arab nationalism from the Zionist pressures from the West in Israel. Helped fuel arab side of Israeli-Arab conflict in Jerusalem.

General Edmund Allenby

1917 - General in British forces given command of forces in the middle east in June 1917 by David Lloyd George. Begins campaign in the fall and attacks Jerusalem, eventually capturing it with many casualties.

David Ben-Gurion

1948 - Jewish settler in Palestine during Second Aliyah. Becomes the primary founder and first Prime Minister of Israel. Founded state of Israel which consistently has tried to take control of Jerusalem.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

1915 to 1916 - Secret Agreement negotiated between France and England that determined the Middle Eastern spheres of influence they received in the case that they defeated the Ottoman Empire in WWI. Lead to British control of Jerusalem in post WWI era.

Sherif Hussein

1916 - Leader of Mecca declared rebellion against Ottoman Empire in promise to British in return for control of all of Arabia, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq. The British did not however keep to their promises. Significant to Jerusalem as it brought the war straight to it.

Haj Amin al-Husseini

1920s - Palestinian Arab Nationalist who served as a Muslim leader in Jerusalem during Mandatory Palestine. Sided with Nazi Germany. Helped with revolts against the British rule in Jerusalem.

The Arab Revolt of 1936

3 years. Husseini called for strike on all of Palestine. Against both British and Jewish population. Deaths included faculty and students at Hebrew University. After 1937 al-Husseini continues to lead rebellion from exile in Lebanon

Peel Commission

(1936)-British Government horrified by scale and scope of Arab revolt. Peel investigated obvious causes, says should have both Jewish and Arab states. Ben-Gurion (Israel Prime Minister) open to plan, Arab leadership rejected it

King David Hotel Bombing

1946. British govt had taken over wing o hotel for its administration. Detonation kills 91. British open season against Irgun

Deir Yassin massacre

1948. Irgun and Lechi attack village of Deir Yassin.

It was a rallying cry for displaced Arabs of Palestine.

Mount Scopus convoy massacre

1948. The Arab response to Deir Yassin Massacre. There were 77 unarmed medical personnel killed

Yitzhak Rabin

Commander of Palmach/Haganah forces. Defended Jewish quarter during 1948 war. The Israeli chief of staff in 1967 war. Israeli PM 1970s

Burma Road

completed 1948. Able to resupply jewish sections of Jerusalem. Built when Jewish section under siege by Arab forces. Goes around Arab villages so could get to Jerusalem

Operation Nachshon

1948. To break siege of Jerusalem by capturing/destroying Arab villages along route. First major Haganah operation

King Abdullah

mid 20th century, Ruler of Jordan, Led arab legion in 1948 War. He was then assassinated

1968 Palestine National Charter

The Palestinian National Charter was adopted on 28 May 1964,[5] establishing the Palestine Liberation Organization, in (east) Jerusalem along with another document, variously known as the Basic Constitution, Basic Law or Fundamental Law of the PLO, based on an earlier Draft Constitution. The Charter is concerned mainly with the aims of the Palestine Liberation Organization, while the Fundamental Law is more concerned with the structure and procedures of the organization.

Camp David Accords

The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.The two framework agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter.

A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel)

A Framework for Peace in the Middle East

What impact did Helena, Constantine's mother, have on Jerusalem?

Convinces Constantine to locate and build churches at Christian holy sites- builds the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and the Church of St. Sion. Also instigates a ban of Jews from Jerusalem.

What impact did Mu'awiya I have on Jerusalem?

Rebuilds the supporting walls of the Temple Mount as the Haram al-Sharif in order to build the Masjid al-Aqsa on southern part of the Temple Mount facing Mecca. By naming the mosque, al-Aqsa, he forever links the Haram al-Sharif with the life of Muhammad and the Qur'an. Permits Jews back into the city.

Describe the significant features of the Dome of the Rock?

Format of a Byzantine Martyrium, octagon of 67 ft long walls with 67 ft diameter central dome, contains the stone upon which Abraham attempted to sacrifice Isaac, extensive inscriptions from the Qu'ran dealing with the death and resurrection of Jesus and the virgin birth.

Name at least four factors that led to the Crusades.

-Mistreatment of Christians and sites - Holy Sepulcher razed to ground, 3000 Christians massacred by Seljuks

-European desire for expansion

-Archaeological and religious interest in the city

-Pope Urban II holy war (reclaiming Christian land under God's name)

-Lack of Arab Unity. Caliphates such as Seljuks and Fatimids fighting so they are unable to defend against Crusaders.

What led Saladin to challenge Crusader power in the Near East?

-Mistreatment of Muslims by Christians

-Decline of pretense of Islam in Near East

-Holy War, al Sulami's publication

What impact did Suleiman the Magnificent have on Jerusalem?

-Rebuilt city walls

-Rebuilt Dome of the Rock, porcelain tiles

- Tolerated both Christians and Jews

- Recognizes Franciscans as keepers of Christian holy sites

What led to increased European interest in Jerusalem in the 18th and 19th centuries?

After Napoleon's excursion through the Middle-East Europeans became increasingly interested in Jerusalem in terms of art and archeology. They used discoveries in these fields to lay a claim to the city so they could control trade routes to India.

What factors led to Arab unrest in mandatory Palestine during the 1920s?

The threat of the Balfour declaration which allowed for the possibility of a Jewish state. Arab world was worried that Mandatory British rule as a result of WWI will seize Palestine for a Jewish state and began revolting.

What happened to Jerusalem after the 1948 war?

After the 1948 war Israel gained control of West Jerusalem or the new city while Jordan had control of the old city/west Jerusalem. Several demilitarized zones were set up around Jerusalem and Israel made Jerusalem their capital.

What were the major features of Arab national policy (by Jordan and Egypt in particular) toward Palestine in the1940s, 1950s, and 1960s?

Late 40s: Jordan and Arab League do not support Palestinian nationalism; West Bank is annexed by Jordan; Gaza occupied by Egypt; Arab countries are anti-Israel

- 50s: Egypt frequently threatens West's access to Suez Canal and invasion of Israel; supports fedayeen terrorist activities against Israel

- 60s: Egyptian General Nasser consolidates Arab military command and control; he also creates the Palestinian Liberation Organization and influences the Palestine National Charter which is clearly supportive of Pan-Arabism

What caused the Six Day War or en-Naksah?

In 1967 the six day war was caused by 1948 crisis and the Suez canal crisis with Egypt

Closes off weapons.

What factors led to the First Palestinian Intifada?

While the immediate cause for the First Intifada is generally dated to a truck incident involving several Palestinian fatalities at the Erez Crossing in December 1987,Mazin Qumsiyeh argues, against Donald Neff, that it began with multiple youth demonstrations earlier in the preceding month. Some sources consider that the perceived IDF failure in late November 1987 to stop a Palestinian guerrilla operation, the Night of the Gliders, in which six Israeli soldiers were killed, helped catalyze local Palestinians to rebel