Development (In-Class)

Development Definition

Sequence of changes over the lifespan to include, physical, motor, cognitive, social/emotion, and adaptive

Cerebral Palsy

Disorder of movement, muscle tone, posture d/t injury or abnormal development in the immature brain before 1yr old

Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral hypoxia, hemorrhage, infection, genetic abnormalities, low birth weight

What is Cerebral Palsy associated with?

Neurological Disorders

Pyramidal/Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Increased muscle tone, hyperreactive reflexes, rigidity of extremities, contractures, 70-80% of cases (most common)

Extrapyramidal/Non-Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Damage to cells in the basal ganglia, thalamus, or cerebellum (includes 2 subtypes)

Dystonic Type of Extrapyramidal Cerebral Palsy

Difficulty in fine motor coordination and purposeful movement

Ataxic Type of Extrapyramidal Cerebral Palsy

Damage to the cerebellum with alterations in coordination and movement

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

Trouble paying attention, difficulty finishing tasks, distracted

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Overly active, trouble paying attention, difficulty finishing tasks, distracted

Causes and Risk Factors of ADD/ADHD

Possible genetic links, alcohol and tobacco use of mother, premature delivery, low birth weight

Do children grow out of their ADD/ADHD behaviors?

No

Predominantly Inattentive

Difficulty finishing tasks, easily distracted, forgets details of routines = ADD

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulse

Fidgets or talks a lot, may jump/run constantly, restless, impulsive, risk-taking behaviors = ADHD

Treatment of ADD/ADHD

Behavioral therapy (recommended as the 1st treatment), medications

Why is it difficult to diagnose ADD/ADHD?

D/t similar symptoms with other learning disorders and anxiety

Down Syndrome

Trisomy 21 → Type of Aneuploidy

Aneuploidy

Cell containing abnormal number chromosomes (extra chromosome for down syndrome)

Risk Factor of Down Syndrome

Rising maternal age

Down Syndrome Manifestations

Impairment of language, cognition, learning, memory

Adults with Down Syndrome

Higher risk of sensory loss, hypothyroidism, Alzheimer’s

What does an MRI indicate on a patient with Down Syndrome?

Total Intracranial Volume Smaller

Risk Factors of Autism

Increased paternal age, maternal health, genetics

Autism Inflammatory Process

Inflammatory process in brain appears altered (may be linked to mast cells)

Autism Manifestations

Deficits in communication and social interaction, repetitive patterns of behavior, cognitive impairments impacting social function, weak executive function