Biology unit 1 ccea gcse double award science

what is a control experiment

the control experiment is given everything it needs including the substance being tested for to compare to the experiment

what does sodium hydroxide and soda lime do

remove carbon dioxide from the air

name number 1

tip

name number 2

lamina

name number 3

vein

name number 4

petiole

name number 5

midrib

name number 6

margin

name number 1

sub-stomatal air space

name number 2

spongy mesophyll cells

name number 3

cuticle

name number 4

lower epidermis cells

name number 5

palisade mesophyll cells

name number 6

stomata

name number 7

guard cells

name number 8

upper epidermis cells

what is it called when the rate of resp and photo are equal and when does it happen

compensation point at dawn and dusk

where does respiration occur

mitochondria

what are carbs broken down into

simple sugars and complex sugars

chemicals used to test for starch

iodine

colour change for starch

yellow/brown to blue/black

chemicals used to test for reducing sugars

blue benedict's solution

colour change for reducing sugars

blue to green to yellow to orange to brick red precipitate

chemicals used to test for protein

blue copper sulfate solution and sodium hydroxide solution

colour change for protein

blue to purple/lilac

colour change for fats

clear to white emulsion

nucleus

the control centre of the cell

chromosomes

found inside the nucleus and contain genetic information

cytoplasm

the main part of the cell where chemical reactions take place

mitochondria

where respiration takes place

cell membrane

a selectively permeable membrane that forms a boundary to the cell and controls what enters and the leaves the cell

nuclear membrane

surrounds the nucleus

cellulose cell wall

a rigid structure immediately outside the cell membrane that provides support

large permanent vacuole

contains cell sap and when full pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall making the cell rigid and providing support

chloroplasts

contain chlorophyll which traps light and helps the plant make food during photosynthesis

bacteria

microscopic single-celled organisms

total magnification

magnifying power of eyepiece lens x magnifying power of objective lens

light

passes through the specimen and into the lens forming an image

focusing knob

raises and lowers the stage for focusing and allows a clear image

low power objective lens

allows a wide field of view to be seen but not in lots of detail and allows you to find what your looking for

high power objective lens

allows you to focus on a small field of view in lots of detail

stage

holds the slide

eyepiece lens

where you look through and magnifies the image along with the objective lens and allows you to see the image close up

what do onion cells look like

a brick wall

non-cellulose cell wall

a cell wall not composed of cellulose found in bacterial cells

plasmids

small rings of dna

multi-celled organisms

specialised tissues, organs and organ systems improve exchange with the environment, transport substances and communicate between cells

specialised tissues

similar cells grouped together are called a tissue

organs

structures made of several types of tissue that carry out a particular function

organ systems

organs that operate together to carry out a particular function that are grouped together

function of the digestive system

breaking down of larger food molecules into simple soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

function of nervous system

responding to stimuli and making responses

function of reproductive system

production of young

function of circulatory system

transports materials around the body and helps to protect the body against infection and maintain body temperature

function of excretory system

allows toxic waste products to be removed from the body

function of skeletal system

supports and protects the body and allows it move

function of respiratory system

allows gas exchange

functions of roots

to anchor plant in soil and to absorb water and minerals from the soil

functions of the stem

to provide support and to transport water minerals and food

functions of leaves

to make food by photosynthesis

functions of the flower

to reproduce

adaptions to respiratory surfaces in humans

large surface area, good blood supply, thin permeable walls, moist walls

is respiration exothermic or endothermic

exothermic

what do living organisms use energy for

growth, repair, reproduction, heat production, movement and active transport

chemical equation for aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast

glucose > carbon dioxide + alcohol + small amount of energy

word equation for anaerobic respiration in mammalian muscles

glucose > lactate + small amount of energy

what are fats broken down into

fatty acids and glycerol

what are proteins broken down into

amino acids

equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H20 > C6H1206 + 6O2

WHAT COLOUR DOES HYDROGEN CARBONATE INDICATOR CHANGE IN HIGH CO2

yellow

WHAT COLOUR DOES HYDROGEN CARBONATE INDICATOR CHANGE IN LOW CO2

purple

WHAT COLOUR DOES HYDROGEN CARBONATE INDICATOR CHANGE IN normal CO2

red

how are leaves adapted to absorb light

large surface area, thin transparent cuticle, chloroplasts

how are leaves adapted for gas exchange

intercellular air space, stomata

what is a receptor

part of the body that is affected by and stimulated by a stimulus

what is a co-ordinator

links the receptors and the effectors

what is the effector

the parts of the body that produce a response to the stimulus

what is a stimulus

a detectable change in the internal or external environment that causes a reaction in an organ or cell

what does cns stand for

central nervous system

what does the cns do

controls and coordinates the response between the receptors and effectors

what are the nerves that branch out to the side of the cns called

peripheral nervous system

what are nerve impulses

small electrical charges

what is a sensory neurone

carry nerve impulses from receptor to cns

what is a motor neurone

carry nerve impulses from cns to effector causing a response

what is an association neurone

receive nerve impulses from sensory neurone and carry them to the motor neurone inside the cns

what is a synapse

the small gap where 2 neurones meet and acts as a junction

what is a voluntary action

involves conscious thought and is done deliberately

what are reflex actions

they do not involve conscious thought and are automatic responses that follow a stimulus

what is a reflex arc

the pathway that the impulses travel by

what are hormones

chemicals produced by special glands that release them into the blood

what is homeostasis

the maintenance of the constant state in response to changes outside and inside the body

roles of homeostasis

controlling blood glucose concentration and osmoregulation

what is osmoregulation

controlling the water content of the body

where does insulin act

liver

where is insulin produced

pancreas