BIOC 384 Fall 2024 Exam 1 Study Flashcards

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from the BIOC 384 Fall 2024 Exam 1 lecture notes, aimed at helping students review and prepare for their examinations.

Energy Charge (EC)

A measure of the relative amounts of ATP, ADP, and AMP in a cell.

NADH to ATP conversion ratio

2 NADH = 5 ATP.

FADH2 to ATP conversion ratio

2 FADH2 = 3 ATP.

Acetyl-CoA to ATP conversion ratio

1 Acetyl-CoA = 10 ATP.

Change in Free Energy (ΔGº')

ΔGº' = -RTln Keq and ΔGº' = -nFDEº'.

pH calculation formula

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA].

Hydrogen bond formation in DNA

A-A/T-T and G-G/C-C base pairs are unlikely due to Chargaff's rule.

Prion protein misfolding

Can occur due to spontaneous TSE, infectious TSE, or familial TSE with mutations.

Polysaccharides

Amylose, cellulose, and chitin differ by their sugar residues and glycosidic bonds.

ΔG for aldolase reaction

Calculated based on concentration ratios and standard free energy; can indicate favorability.

Zwitterion form of arginine

Occurs at a pH of 10.8, with a net charge of +1.

Hydrophobic regions in proteins

Tend to associate with each other to minimize exposure to water, increasing entropy of water.

Collagen vs. Keratin

Collagen has three left-handed helices, whereas keratin has two right-handed helices.

Cytosine deamination consequence

Converts C-G to T-A base pair mutations in DNA.

Thymine percentage in double-stranded DNA

20% thymine correlates with 30% guanine and cytosine.

Patient lysis cause

Occurs when plasma is replaced with a solution causing osmotic imbalance (e.g., sterile water).

Blood pH maintaining system

H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3- with effective buffering at pH 7.4 due to CO2 utilization.

Anfinsen's RNase A folding importance

Removal of β-mercaptoethanol allows the recovery of enzyme activity.

Keq and ΔG relationship

A reaction with a high Keq has a negative ΔGº', indicating it is favorable.

Transmembrane protein interior composition

Often contains hydrophobic amino acids like Phe, Val, Trp, and Ile.

Ionic form of amino acids

The zwitterionic form occurs when pH = pI, having no net charge.

Oligopeptide amino acid order

Must determine based on the N-terminus structure.

Peptide bond hydrolysis

Is thermodynamically favorable but occurs slowly without catalysts.

Nucleotide identification

The molecule shown (if required) is most likely adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.