no

Climate Change

any significant change in Earth's climate over a long period

\#Quaternary Period

most recent geological time period
2.6 million years ago to present day

\#Pre

Quaternary Climate

\#Quaternary Climate

global temperature shifts between cold glacial periods lasting about 100,000 years and warmer interglacial periods lasting about 10,000 years

\#Global Warming

sharp increase in global temperatures over the last century, a type of climate

\#Evidence for Climate Change

Ice Cores

\#Evidence for Climate Change

Tree Rings

\#Evidence for Climate Change

Pollen Analysis

\#Evidence for Climate Change

Temperature Records

\#Climate Change natural causes

Volcanic Activity

\#Climate Change natural causes

orbital changes

\#Climate Change natural causes

Solar Output

\#Climate Change Human causes

Greenhouse Effect

\#Greenhouse Effect Human Causes

Cement Production

\#Greenhouse Effect Human Causes

Fossil Fuels

\#Greenhouse Effect Human Causes

Farming

\#Greenhouse Effect Human Causes

Deforestation

\#Climate Change Effects

Habitats lost

\#Climate Change Effects

Precipitation

\#Climate Change Effects

People's Homes

\#what is a mitigation Strategie

aim to reduce the causes of climate change, reduce concentration of green house gasses in atmosphere

\#what mitigation strategies are used?

\#Climate Change Adaptation

responding to the effects of climate change

\#Climate Change Adaptation

Managing Water Supply

\#Climate Change Adaptation

Cope with Sea Levels

\#Transportation

longshore drift
solution
suspension
saltation
traction

\#What is weathering?

Weathering is the breaking down of rock over a long period of time.

\#what is mechanical weathering

The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces

\#What is freeze

thaw weathering?

\#What is chemical Weathering

The breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

\#what is a mass movement

The downhill movement of weathered material due to the force of gravity

\#What is a slump?

a mass of rock and soil suddenly slips down a slope

\#what is a rockfall?

Fragments of rock break away from the cliff face, often due to freeze

\#Wave erosion

hydraulic power

\#Destructive waves

high frequency
high and steep
strong backwash

\#Wave

cut platform

\#Discordant coastline

rock bands perpendicular to coast

\#Concordant coastline

rock bands parallel to coast

\#Headlands

hard rock not eroded with bays in between

\#Bays

soft rock eroded and divided by headlands

\#Stack formation

crack in headland eroded forming cave, collapses and forms arch, collapses and forms stack. hydraulic action and freeze that weathering

\#Arch and stack examples

arch

\#longshore drift

prevailing wind changes wave direction. swash carries material up beach at angle, backwash carries back perpendicular so it moves along over time

\#Deposition

material dropped when low energy

\#Deposition landforms

beaches

\#Coastal management categories

hard engineering
soft engineering

\#Hard engineering

man

\#Soft engineering

schemes use knowledge to reduce effects of flooding and erosion

\#Hard defences

sea wall

\#Soft defences

beach nourishment

\#Managed retreat

remove current defences, land floods and becomes marshland protecting later land from flooding and erosion. cheap and creates new habitats. Affects ecosystems and livelihoods.

\#Beach formation

on coasts between high and low water mark

\#Spit Formation

form at sharp bends in coastline (river mouth)

\#Bar Formation

a spit joins two headlands together.
bar cuts off bay between headlands from sea, can form a lagoon

\#Sand Dunes Formation

sand deposited by LSD moved up beach by wind.
obstacles like driftwood cause wind speed decrease and sand is deposited, colonies by plants and marram grass. veg stabilises sand, it accumulates and an embryo dune forms.
oldest dunes migrate inland as newer embryos are formed, mature dunes reach 10m height.

\#Natural Hazard

a natural process which is a threat to people or property

\#Natural disaster

a natural hazard that actually happens

\#Geological hazard

land and tectonic hazards. volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides and avalanches

\#Meteorological hazards

weather and climate hazards. tropical storms, extreme weather (heat waves) and climate change

\#Hazard risk factors

vulnerability , capacity to cope, nature of natural hazard

\#Vulnerability

more people exposed the greater the probability. high population, like floodplain in Bangladesh, is vulnerable to flooding

\#Capacity to cope

how well the country can cope. HICs cope better with their more money

\#Nature of natural hazards

magnitude of earthquake, can they be predicted, frequency

\#Tectonic plates

crust is divided into plates that move by convection currents in mantle

\#Inner

Core/Outer

\#Mantle

semi

\#Continental crust

thicker crust 30

\#Oceanic crust

thinner crust 5

\#Plate boundaries/margins

where tectonic plates meet

\#Destructive margin

plates move towards each other (South

\#Constructive margins

plates move away from each other (North

\#Conservative margin

plates move sideways past each other in different directions or speeds. can get stuck and cause earthquakes upon slipping. (West

\#Volcanoes found at

destructive and constructive

\#Earthquakes found at

all plate margins

\#Volcanoes formed at destructive margins

oceanic moves into the mantle, which causes it to be melted/destroyed
this forms a pool of magma, the magma then rises through cracks called vents, then the magma erupts onto surface

\#Volcanoes formed at constructive margins

magma rises in gap between plates moving apart

\#Volcanoes at hotspots

volcano forms by erupting through thin area of crust

\#Volcano eruption

emits lava and gases, lots of ash which covers land and sun, pyroclastic flow

\#Earthquakes formed at destructive

tension builds up when a plate gets stuck moving into mantle

\#Earthquakes formed at constructive

tension builds in cracks in plates as they move away

\#Earthquakes at conservative

tension builds as plates grind past and get stuck

\#Earthquake

plates jerk past and emit shock waves
waves spread out from focus

\#Richter scale

logarithmic, magnitude 7+ is major damage

\#Earthquake primary effects

buildings collapse
people injured and killed
roads and railways damaged
gas pipes ruined

\#Earthquake secondary effects

landslides
leaking gas ignites and causes fire
homeless
businesses damaged
shortage of clean water

\#Earthquake immediate response

rescue trapped people
recover dead, diseased bodies
put out fires
Google Crisis Response

\#Earthquake long term response

re

\#Volcano Primary Effects

buildings destroyed
people and animals injured
crops damaged
water contaminated by ash

\#Volcano secondary effects

mudflows (lahars) form
flooding caused by hot rock melting snow
transport networks blocked
homeless
ash makes fields more fertile

\#Volcano immediate response

evacuate people before eruption
provide food to evacuees
rescue people cut off
provide temporary electricity and gas

\#Volcano long term response

repair, rebuild and resettle
repair infrastructure
improve monitoring and evacuation plans
boost economy with tourism

\#Why people live near a natural hazard

they've always lived there

\#Why people live near a natural hazard

volcano benefits

\#Management to reduce effects of tectonic hazards

reduce death, injured, homeless or unemployed
monitoring
prediction
protection
planning

\#Management of tectonic hazards

Monitoring

\#Management of tectonic hazards

Prediction

\#Management of tectonic hazards

Protection

\#Management of tectonic hazards

Planning

\#Ecosystem

all living and non

\#Organism classes

producers, consumers, decomposers