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Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
Catabolism
provides energy and building blocks for anabolism
Anabolism
uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules
Mechanism of enzymatic action
What factors influence enzyme activity?
temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration, inhibitors
Enzyme inhibitors
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
Metabolic pathway
is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell
Metabolic pathway
is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell
Enzymes are coded
By genes
Enzymes are coded
By genes
collision theory
states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide
collision theory
states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide
activation energy
Is needed to disrupt electronic configurations
activation energy
Is needed to disrupt electronic configurations
reaction rate
is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction
reaction rate
is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction
Reaction rate can be increased by ______ or by increasing___________
Enzymes, temperature, pressure
Reaction rate can be increased by ______ or by increasing___________
Enzymes, temperature, pressure
activation E barrier
Activation E (Ea)
E need to control bonds into position for a reaction
can be heat
determines the rate of the reaction a. e.g. if Ea is low enough then reate will ve relatively high
activation E barrier
Activation E (Ea)
E need to control bonds into position for a reaction
can be heat
determines the rate of the reaction a. e.g. if Ea is low enough then reate will ve relatively high
Apoenzyme
Protein
Apoenzyme
Protein
Coenzyme
No protein component
Coenzyme
No protein component
Examples of Coenzymes
NAD+, FAD+, NADP+
Examples of Coenzymes
NAD+, FAD+, NADP+
Holoenzyme
Apoenzyme plus cofactor
2 prominent Enzyme inhibitors
How do cells phosphorylation ADP to ATP?
Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation
Anabolic pathways use some ATP molecules by
Breaking a phosphate bond
Substrate level phosphorylation
The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
What is an example of substrate level phosphorylation?
ATP production in glycolysis
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
Reduction
gain of electrons
Redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
In biological systems, the electrons are often associated with
hydrogen atoms
Biological oxidations are often
dehydrogenations
Carbohydrate catabolism
the breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy
What are examples of carbohydrate catabolism?
Glycolysis Kreb's Cycle Electron transport chain
Glycolysis
The energy investment phase of the glycolysis pathway that uses two ATP molecules to phosphorylation glucose forming two gluceralsehyde 3- phosphate molecules (G3P).
The energy payoff phase of Glycolysis harnesses the energy in the-
G3P molecules, production of 4 ATP molecules, Two NADH molecules and 2 pyruvates
What are the two alternatives to Glycolysis pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway Entner Doudoroff pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway
Uses pentoses and NADPH operates with glycolysis
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Produces NADPH and ATP Does not involve glycolysis Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium
The Krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
A coenzyme used in various biochemical reactions as a carrier of acyl groups. Does not enter Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
series of electron carrier molecules that are in turn oxidized and redialed as electrons are passed down the chain
Chemiosmosis
A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient produces from the Electron Transport Chain and the ATP synthase enzyme.
aerobic respiration
the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2)
anarobic respiration
final electron acceptor is NOT O2 Yields less energy than aerobic respiration
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen Microbial metabolism
Fermentation (scientific definition)
Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules Does not require oxygen Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
Yeast is the only microorganism to
Produce only ethanol (and CO2)
Lipid catabolism
-Lipids are hydrolyzed by lipase into Glycerol (later into DHAP) and Fatty Acids (FA), -Fatty Acids are oxidized via the beta-oxidation pathway to make acetyl-CoA. to then enter the kreb cycle
Protein catabolism example
Urea————>NH3 + CO2
Two types of photosynthesis
oxygenic and anoxygenic
Photo:
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Synthesis:
Carbon fixation: fixing carbons into organic molecules Light-independent (dark) reaction: Calvin-Benson Cycle
The Calvin cycle is ____________ backwards
Glycolysis
Rubulose biphosphate carbonylase (RuBisCO)
What are the two alternatives to Glycolysis pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway Entner Doudoroff pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway
Uses pentoses and NADPH operates with glycolysis
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Produces NADPH and ATP Does not involve glycolysis Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium
The Krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
A coenzyme used in various biochemical reactions as a carrier of acyl groups. Does not enter Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
series of electron carrier molecules that are in turn oxidized and redialed as electrons are passed down the chain
Chemiosmosis
A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient produces from the Electron Transport Chain and the ATP synthase enzyme.
aerobic respiration
the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2)
anarobic respiration
final electron acceptor is NOT O2 Yields less energy than aerobic respiration
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen Microbial metabolism
Fermentation (scientific definition)
Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules Does not require oxygen Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
Yeast is the only microorganism to
Produce only ethanol (and CO2)
Lipid catabolism
-Lipids are hydrolyzed by lipase into Glycerol (later into DHAP) and Fatty Acids (FA), -Fatty Acids are oxidized via the beta-oxidation pathway to make acetyl-CoA. to then enter the kreb cycle
Protein catabolism example
Urea————>NH3 + CO2
Two types of photosynthesis
oxygenic and anoxygenic
Photo:
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Synthesis:
Carbon fixation: fixing carbons into organic molecules Light-independent (dark) reaction: Calvin-Benson Cycle
The Calvin cycle is ____________ backwards
Glycolysis
Rubulose biphosphate carbonylase (RuBisCO)
Holoenzyme
Apoenzyme plus cofactor
Catabolism
provides energy and building blocks for anabolism
Anabolism
uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules
carbohydrate catabolism
Glycolysis pic
Krebs cycle pic
Electron transport chain pic
Calvin cycle
Psychotrophs
Grow between 0C and 20 to 30C Cause food spoilage
Physical requirements for microbial growth
Temperature most/best between 10-80 C
pH most/best between 6.5-7.5
Osmotic pressure
Acidophiles grow
In acidic environments
Molds and yeast grow between what pH
pH 5-6
Hypertonic environments ( increase in salt or sugar) cause
plasmolysis
Plasmolysis
This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact.
extreme or obligate halophiles
require high osmotic pressure
facultative halophiles
tolerate high osmotic pressure
The Effect of Oxygen on the Growth of Various Types of Bacteria
Toxic oxygen
Reducing media
Contain chemicals (thioglycolate or oxyrase) that combine O2 Heated to drive off O2
Capnophiles
Microbes that require high CO2 conditions CO2 packet Candle jar