Studied by 12 people
manchu
then, in 1644, the powerful manchu from neighboring manchuria seized power and established the qing dynasty, which ruled until 1911.
gunpowder empires
the term gunpowder empires refers to large, multiethnic states in southwest, central, and south asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories
shah
equivalent to king or emperor
suleiman I
the ottoman empire reached its peak under suleiman I (ruled 1520-1566). his armies overran hungary in 1526 and, by 1529, were hammering at the gates of vienna, the main city in austria.
akbar
the most capable of the mughal rulers. for the first 40 years of his rule, he defeated hindu armies and extended his empires southward and westward
divine right of kings
a common claim from the middle ages that the right to rule was given to a king by god
intendants
royal officers; bureaucratic elites that sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government
devshirme
christian boys who were subjects of the empire that were recruited by force to serve in the ottoman government
janissaries
the most famous group of devshirmes who formed elite forces in the ottoman army
daimyo
landholding aristocrats in tokugawa japan
tokugawa shogunate
the tokugawa shogunate set about reorganizing the governance of japan in order to centralize control over what was essentially a feudal system
ottoman tax farming
to finance an economy backed by a powerful military,the ottoman levied taxes on the peasants and used tax farming to collect it
zamindars
paid government officials called zamindars were in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and the water supply
taj mahal
mughal india produced a number of magnificent architectural accomplishments, including the taj mahal, build by shah jahan as a tomb for his wife
versailles
palace in france that louis xiv kept his nobles close to in
boyars
the noble landowning class at the top of the russian social pyramid
serfdom
practice of peasants being recieved a plot of land and protection from a noble, and, in return, the peasants (serfs) were bound to the land and had little personal freedom
protestant reformation
the protestant reformation, beginning in 1517, was a religious movement led by figures like martin luther, john calvin, and henry viii, challenging the catholic church's authority. it criticized practices like the sale of indulgences, emphasized salvation through faith, and advocated for the bible's authority over church traditions. the movement led to the creation of protestant denominations, widespread religious conflict, and significant political and social changes in europe.
martin luther
a monk in wittenberg, a german city in the holy roman empire, concluded that several traditional church practices violated biblical teachings, including the sale of indulgences and simony and mailed these chargings in the 95 theses to the church
sikhism
developed from hinduism and may have been influenced by the islamic mysticism known as sufism
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