Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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Flashcards reviewing key vocabulary and concepts related to eukaryotic cells, their structures, and functions.

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28 Terms

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Eukaryotic Cells

The building blocks of eukaryotic organisms, including animals, plants, and some microorganisms.

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Microorganisms (Microbes)

Organisms so small they can only be seen with a microscope; can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

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Cell Shape

Often depicted as round, but in reality, cells have irregular shapes.

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Microscopy

Transmission electron micrographs are used to visualize detailed cell structures.

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Animal Cell Key Features

Contains a nucleus, cytoplasm with membrane-bound organelles, and is surrounded by a cell membrane.

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Plant Cell Key Differences

Surrounded by both a membrane and a cell wall, and contains a large central vacuole.

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Nucleus in Eukaryotic Cells

Found in all eukaryotic cells; surrounded by a double membrane with nuclear pores for material exchange.

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Chromosomes

Genetic material stored in the form of linear chromosomes, made of DNA in eukaryotic cells.

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Gene Expression Process

Transcription (DNA to mRNA in nucleus), mRNA transport (through nuclear pores), and Translation (mRNA to protein via ribosomes in cytoplasm).

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Nucleolus

A specialized region within the nucleus rich in RNA, mainly involved in ribosome production.

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Golgi Apparatus

A membrane-bound organelle involved in further processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids.

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Endomembrane System

A collective term for the interconnected membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic cells, including the nuclear membrane, rough ER, smooth ER, and Golgi apparatus.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes attached to its surface and transported to the Golgi apparatus; appears rough due to ribosomes.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Produces lipids and other molecules, plays a key role in detoxification (especially in liver cells); lacks ribosomes, giving it a smooth look.

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Lysosomes

Organelles responsible for digestion within the cell; contain intracellular digestive enzymes that break down cellular structures and materials.

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Vacuoles

Primarily found in plant cells and eukaryotic microorganisms; contain a liquid substance and, in plant cells, help maintain cell structure and store plant pigments.

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Mitochondria

Found in eukaryotic organisms; responsible for energy production via ATP synthesis. Have a double membrane structure with cristae (inner membrane folds) and a matrix containing mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.

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Chloroplasts

Found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae; responsible for photosynthesis. Have a triple membrane system with thylakoids containing chlorophyll.

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Endosymbiosis

The evolutionary origin of both mitochondria and chloroplasts is believed to be through endosymbiosis, where one organism was engulfed by another and formed a symbiotic relationship.

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Cytoskeleton

Non-membrane-bound structure in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; provides strength and maintains the shape of the cell.

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Microtubules

Thickest of the cytoskeleton filaments; maintain cell shape and serve as an internal transport system.

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Actin Filaments

Thinnest protein filament; provide strength to structures like microvilli.

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Cilia

Short and numerous structures that move in coordinated wave-like motion to remove dust particles.

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Flagella

Long and usually singular structures that enable cell movement using a propeller-like motion.

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Cell Walls

Present in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria; provide mechanical strength and structural support.

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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Found only in animal cells; composed of proteins (collagen) and polysaccharides located outside the cell membrane, connected to the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton.

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Cellular Reproduction

Cells form new cells through cell division. Includes Binary Fission (Prokaryotes) and Mitosis/Meiosis (Eukaryotes).

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Mitosis

Cell cycle stages include Interphase, M phase, and Cytokinesis. The M phase involves chromosomes aligning, being pulled apart, and separated into two new cells.