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Melioidosis Agent

Burkholderia pseudomallei (Gram-negative rod)

Melioidosis Reservoir

Rodents, soil, water (rice fields)

Melioidosis Transmission

Contact with contaminated soil/water through abraded skin

Melioidosis Human Clinical

Fever; pneumonia; visceral abscesses

Melioidosis Control

Protective clothing (boots) for farmers; early diagnosis/treatment

Necrobacillosis Agent

Fusobacterium necrophorum (Gram-negative rod)

Necrobacillosis Reservoir

Cattle, sheep, goats, birds

Necrobacillosis Transmission

Wound contamination from infected tissue

Necrobacillosis Human Clinical

Necrotic pustule; lymphadenitis

Necrobacillosis Animal Clinical

Foot rot; calf diphtheria; liver abscesses

Necrobacillosis Control

Personal hygiene; use of gloves

Pasteurellosis Agent

Pasteurella multocida (Gram-negative coccobacillus)

Pasteurellosis Reservoir

Respiratory tract/mouth of animals (dogs, cats)

Pasteurellosis Transmission

Bites or scratches from dogs/cats

Pasteurellosis Human Clinical

Local cellulitis at bite site

Pasteurellosis Animal Clinical

Fowl cholera; hemorrhagic septicemia; atrophic rhinitis

Pasteurellosis Control

Prevent animal bites; prompt treatment of bite wounds

Plague Agent

Yersinia pestis (Gram-negative rod)

Plague Reservoir

Rodents and their fleas

Plague Transmission

Flea bites; inhalation (pneumonic form)

Plague Human Clinical

Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic forms

Plague Control

Rodent control; vaccinate high-risk groups; isolate patients

Rat-Bite Fever Agent

Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus (Gram-negative)

Rat-Bite Fever Reservoir

Rats, other rodents

Rat-Bite Fever Transmission

Bite from infected rat; ingestion of contaminated milk

Rat-Bite Fever Clinical (S. moniliformis)

Fever; rash; arthritis

Rat-Bite Fever Clinical (S. minus)

Recurrent fever and rash

Rat-Bite Fever Control

Rat control; avoid rat bites; pasteurize milk

Salmonellosis Agent

Salmonella spp. (Gram-negative rod)

Salmonellosis Reservoir

Environment, infected humans/animals, reptiles

Salmonellosis Transmission

Ingestion of contaminated food/water (eggs, poultry, milk)

Salmonellosis Human Clinical

Abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea

Salmonellosis Animal Clinical

Septicemia/enteritis in young animals

Salmonellosis Control

Interrupt food chain contamination; pasteurize milk; proper cooking

Shigellosis Agent

Shigella spp. (Gram-negative rod)

Shigellosis Reservoir

Man, non-human primates

Shigellosis Transmission

Fecal-oral route; flies

Shigellosis Human Clinical

Fever; mucoid/bloody diarrhea; dehydration

Shigellosis Control

Strict hygiene; proper water/sewage disposal

Staphylococcal Disease Agent

Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive cocci)

Staphylococcal Disease Reservoir

Mammals (man, cattle, pets)

Staphylococcal Disease Transmission

Contact with suppurative lesions/mastitis

Staphylococcal Disease Human Clinical

Boils; impetigo; wound infections

Staphylococcal Disease Animal Clinical

Suppurative lesions; mastitis

Staphylococcal Disease Control

Personal hygiene; proper antibiotic use; asepsis

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Agent

S. aureus enterotoxin (Gram-positive cocci)

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Transmission

Ingestion of preformed toxin in food left warm

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Clinical

Abdominal cramps; explosive diarrhea; nausea; vomiting

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Control

Personal hygiene in food handling; rapid refrigeration

Streptococcal Disease Agent

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) and others (Gram-positive cocci)

Streptococcal Disease Reservoir

Man (Group A); cattle, horses, pigs

Streptococcal Disease Transmission

Direct contact; infected milk

Streptococcal Disease Human Clinical (Group A)

Sore throat; scarlet fever; rheumatic fever

Streptococcal Disease Animal Clinical

Mastitis; strangles

Streptococcal Disease Control

Personal hygiene; mastitis control; pasteurize milk

Tetanus Agent

Clostridium tetani (Gram-positive rod)

Tetanus Reservoir

Environment (soil), especially horse areas

Tetanus Transmission

Contamination of wounds with spores from soil/dust

Tetanus Clinical

Painful muscular contractions (lockjaw, risus sardonicus); paralysis; death

Tetanus Control

Immunization (toxoid); prompt wound care; antitoxin

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever Agent

Borrelia spp. (Gram-negative spiral/spirochete)

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever Reservoir

Wild animals, Ornithodoros ticks

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever Transmission

Tick bites

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever Clinical

Recurrent fever; erythema; jaundice

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever Control

Avoid tick-infested areas; protective clothing

Tuberculosis Agent

Mycobacterium bovis, M. tuberculosis (Gram-positive acid-fast rod)

Tuberculosis Reservoir

Man, cattle, other domestic/wild animals

Tuberculosis Transmission

Respiratory droplets; ingestion of contaminated milk

Tuberculosis Human Clinical (M. bovis)

Pulmonary disease; cervical lymphadenitis

Tuberculosis Animal Clinical

Chronic pulmonary disease; miliary lesions

Tuberculosis Control

Eliminate infected livestock; pasteurize milk; BCG vaccine (humans)

Tularemia Agent

Francisella tularensis (Gram-negative coccobacillus)

Tularemia Reservoir

Wild rodents, rabbits, ticks

Tularemia Transmission

Tick bites; contact with infected animals; ingestion of rabbit meat

Tularemia Human Clinical

Ulceroglandular form; lymphadenitis

Tularemia Animal Clinical

Fatal septicemia in some species; sheep abortions

Tularemia Control

Arthropod/rodent control; protective clothing; live vaccine

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus Agent

Vibrio parahemolyticus (Gram-negative curved rod)

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus Reservoir

Seawater, marine fish/shellfish

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus Transmission

Ingestion of undercooked contaminated seafood

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus Clinical

Acute gastroenteritis

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus Control

Hygiene handling seafood; cook seafood adequately

Yersiniosis (non-plague) Agent

Yersinia enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis (Gram-negative rod)

Yersiniosis (non-plague) Reservoir

Wild rodents, pigs, birds

Yersiniosis (non-plague) Transmission

Ingestion of contaminated food/water

Yersiniosis (non-plague) Clinical

Acute ileitis; mesenteric lymphadenitis (resembles appendicitis)

Yersiniosis (non-plague) Control

Hygiene; proper cooking of meat; rodent/bird control