Nitrogen Cycle

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5 Terms

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Nitrogen Fixation

  • reduction of N2 to NH3

  • Biological (only certain bacteria), industrial (fossil fuels and high temperature), lightening fixation

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Mineralization

  • Organic nitrogen to ammonium (R-N → NH4+)

  • Residues with C/N ratio < 25 results in net mineralization

  • No change in oxidation state

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Volatilization

  • NH4+ + OH- → H2O + NH3

  • Gaseous loss of ammonia

  • losses enhanced by high pH, moisture, high temperatures, surface application of fertilizers

  • No change in oxidation state

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Nitrification

  • Ammonium (NH4+) → nitrate (NO3-)

  • Carried out by chemoautotrophic bacteria and archaea

  • requires molecular oxygen, produces acidity

  • cationic to anionic form

  • assumes ammonium is available, 60% WFPS is optimal, acid intolerant

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Denitrification

  • Nitrate reduction to gas, NO3- → N2

  • Affected by oxygen concentration (inhibits activity), carbon availability (requires active respiration), and nitrate concentration is needed

  • reduces fertilizer efficiency, increases destruction of ozone layer, contributes to global warming, reduces nitrate contamination of groundwater, regenerates atmospheric nitrogen