Test 1 Criminal Justice 101

What is the dark figure of crime?

crime that is not reported

What are the 3 ways to measure crime?

Official Reports, Victimization surveys, and Self-Reports

What percent of cases actually make it to trial?

Approximately 5%

What are 3 examples of socialization?

Family, peers, school

What are the two methods of social control?

Formal and Informal

Police Officers, Judges, Prosecutors, etc all use this to decide which cases are thrown away and which go to trial or get charged...

Discretion

From Rios 2011, what was an example of a policy that was used to control youth

Proposition 21

From the psychology perspective, why do people commit crime

According to Freud, people have too much ID and not enough super ego

In 2021 the FBI spent millions to change the way we report a crime. What did we change it to and what are these methods

We used Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) which is a nationwide, cooperative, statistical effort of more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes --> Now we use NIBORS which captures details on each single crime incident—as well as on separate offenses within the same incident—including information on victims, known offenders, relationships between victims and offenders, arrestees, and property involved in crimes.

How many agencies did not report anything to NIBRS this year?

7,000 agencies

According to the social disorganization theory, what are the 5 social conditions that contribute to crime?

1) High racial heterogeneity
2) High residential mobility
3) High population density
4)Family disruptions
5) Low income

What is the difference between substantive law and procedural law?

The difference between substantive and procedural law is that substantive law is the body of law that defines criminal offenses and the social penalties and procedural law is the body of law that governs the way substantive laws are to be administered

What are the 5 goals of punishment?

deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation, restoration (DIRRR)

How is behavior reinforced?

Rewards and Punishments

Who can override an Executive order?

Congress and the Supreme Court

What are 3 ways why cases do not make it to trial?

1) Digression
2) Plea Deals
3) Costs

In civil law, cases are between who?

People v People

What is double jeopardy? Can you do it?

The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense. no

What is separate sovereign exception?

It is the ability to convict someone of the same crime twice because it was committed on a state AND federal level which is prosecuted differently

What is Hirschi's Social Control Theory?

Individuals conform because of a certain social bond

What are the 4 main reasons that people conform according to the Social Control Theory?

1) Attachment
2) Commitment
3) Involvement
4) Belief

What is the neutralization theory proposed by Sykes and Matya about criminals thought process?

It is the technique of denying responsibility to deflect feelings of guilt

What are different ways people deflect feelings of guilt?

1)Denial of Responsibility--"I didn't know"
2) Denial of Injury--"It didn't hurt anyone"
3)Denial of the victim--" They deserved it because xyz"
4) Condemning the system itself--" Fuck the system, who are you to tell me I am bad when you are just as bad"
5) Appeal to the Higher Authority--" God made me"

What is Classical Criminology

the idea that explains that people will not commit crimes if breaking the law benefits do not outweigh the consequences

What factors do punishments have to have for the classical theory to be put in play

Punish must be swift, severe, and certain

What does David Farabee believe?

Deterrence only really works for violent offenders only

What is the psychoanalytic theory?

The behavior of an individual are understood in the context of childhood development

What is the social learning theory?

behavior is learned when reinforced and not learned if not reinforced

What is the Cognitive Development Theory?

all offenders have failed to develop moral judgement beyond childhood age

What are the sources of the law

Constitutions, Statutes, case law, and administration

What is a statute?

it is a law enacted by a legislature that forbids a criminal behavior

What is a felony, what are the prime examples of a felony?

the most serious types of crimes like murder, rape, and most street crime that an offender will spend at LEAST one year in jail up to life.

What is an inchoate offense?

an offense that is charged due to planning to break the law