Cell Division

Which term describes all of the DNA within a cell?

A. autosome

B. centromere

C. genome

D. proteome

C

What connects sister chromatids in a dyad?

A. centromere

B. kinetochore

C. microtubule organizing center

D. septum

A

Which process divides one parent nucleus to form two daughter nuclei?

A. cytokinesis

B. fragmentation

C. interphase

D. karyokinesis

D

• karyokinesis is the division of the nucleus, where one parent nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei

• cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and cell membrane

What does the term “ploidy” refer to?

A. the number of chromosome sets found in a cell

B. the number of daughter cells produced in each cell division

C. the number of identical copies of chromosomes in a given cell

D. the number of non-sex chromosomes found in a cell

A

Which cells divide via meiosis to form gametes?

A. gamete cells

B. gametocytes

C. haploid cells

D. somatic cells

B

During which phase of the cell cycle is the centrosome replicated?

A. G1 phase

B. G2 phase

C. M phase

D. S phase

D

After the genome is replicated, which phase does the cell proceed to?

A. G0 phase

B. G2 phase

C. prophase

D. S phase

B

• in S phase, a cell will replicate its genome in preparation for cell division

• after the genome is replicated, the cell progresses to the G2 phase

Which of the following does NOT occur during the G₂ phase?

A. checking for sufficient mitosis promoting factor levels

B. condensing chromatin into chromosomes

C. evaluating the accuracy of DNA replication

D. replication of organelles

B

• G2 phase

  • cell continues to grow and prepare for division by checking the accuracy of DNA replication

  • checks for mitosis promoting factor

  • replication of organelles

• chromatin is not condensed into chromosomes until M phase starts

Which of the following cells contain centrosomes?

A. animal cells

B. animal, plant, and fungi cells

C. fungi and plant cells

D. fungi cells

A

• centrosomes are animals’ MTOC

Which of the following conditions would promote cell division?

A. anchorage to the extracellular matrix

B. high density of surrounding cells

C. large surface to volume ratio

D. low cyclin levels

A

conditions that promote cell division

• anchorage to the extracellular matrix

• small surface to volume ratio

• high cyclin levels

• low density of surrounding cells

During which phase of mitosis does the nucleolus disappear and the spindle apparatus form?

A. anaphase

B. metaphase

C. prophase

D. telophase

C

During which phase of mitosis does the chromosome number double?

A. anaphase

B. metaphase

C. prophase

D. telophase

A

• during anaphase, kinetochore microtubules shorten to pull centromeres apart, causing the dyad to also divide into two with each half taking a portion of the centromere

• once the sisters separate, they are considered individual chromosomes

Cytokinesis occurs in plant cells via the formation of which structure?

A. cell plate

B. cleavage furrow

C. contractile ring

D. plasmodesmata

A

• in plant cells, the Golgi releases vesicles, which fuse in the center of the cell and grow outward into the membrane, creating a cell plate which eventually transforms into the middle lamella, which cements adjacent plant cells together

Which of the following is a cellular cue to halt the cell cycle?

A. absence of phosphorylated substrates

B. attachment to an external surface

C. high levels of MPF

D. low cellular density

A

The spindle apparatus is formed during which process(es)?

A. binary fission

B. mitosis

C. mitosis and meiosis

D. mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission

C

During which stage of meiosis does the ploidy decrease from 2n to 1n?

A. meiosis I

B. meiosis II

A

How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis, and what is their ploidy?

A. two diploid

B. two haploid

C. four diploid

D. four haploid

D

At the end of meiosis II, each chromosome consists of how many chromatid(s)?

A. one

B. two

C. four

A

• the final products of meiosis are four haploid daughter cells, where each chromosome has only one chromatid

Which form of DNA is more densely packed?

A. chromatin

B. chromosome

B

If 2n = 8, how many chromatids are present during metaphase of mitosis?

A. 4

B. 8

C. 16

D. 32

C

Phase (Mitosis)	# Chromosomes	# Chromatids
Prophase	8	16
Metaphase	8	16
Anaphase	16	16
Telophase	16	16
End of mitosis (separated cells)	8	8

What connects to kinetochores during mitosis

A. centrioles

B. chiasmata

C. microfilaments

D. microtubules

D

All of the following correctly matches the cell cycle phase with its corresponding process EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. G1- the cell checks for DNA accuracy

B. G0- cells that do not divide are found in this phase

C. S- centrosome is replicated

D. G2- organelles are replicated

A

• during G1

  • the cell grows in preparation for cell division

  • checks for favorable conditions

• the accuracy of DNA is checking during G2 after the genome has been replicated during S phase

If microtubule polymerization were inhibited, all of the following cellular activities would be directly affected EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. embryonic cell cleavage

B. mitotic spindle formation

C. sperm motility

D. cleavage furrow formation

D

• in animals cells, the cleavage furrow is formed by a contractile ring of microfilament proteins (actin and myosin), not microtubules, so inhibition of microtubules would not be expected to affect cleavage furrow formation

Which of the following conditions would stimulate a cell to divide?

A. low cell surface area to volume ratio

B. lack of anchorage to another surface

C. failed cell cycle checkpoint during metaphase

D. low cyclin levels

E. high density of surrounding cells

A

Which of the following correctly represents the order of events after cell division, from first to last?

1. Shortening of microtubules

2. Division of the cytoplasm

3. Replication of the genome

4. Condensation of chromosomes

5. Replication of centrosomes

A. 1, 3, 5

B. 1, 5, 4

C. 3, 4, 1

D. 3, 2, 5

E. 4, 3, 2

C

replication of the genome and centrosomes → condensation of chromosomes → shortening of microtubules → division of the cytoplasm

After meiosis I has completed, each daughter cell is

A. haploid, and the chromes are composed of one chromatid

B. haploid, and the chromes are composed of two chromatids

C. diploid, and the chromes are composed of one chromatid

D. diploid, and the chromes are composed of two chromatids

B

Which structure forms to separate a dividing prokaryotic cell into two daughter cells?

A. cell plate

B. vesicle

C. cleavage furrow

D. septum

E. metaphase plate

D

How many autosomes are present in the nucleus of a human cell?

A. 2

B. 22

C. 23

D. 44

E. 46

D

• human somatic cells possess a total of 46 chromosomes

• two of these are sex chromosomes

• the remaining 44 are known as autosomes

If a donkey is 2n = 24 and a horse is 2n = 40, what is the genetic makeup of the hybrid offspring?

A. 2n=26

B. 2n=48

C. 2n=32

D. 2n=36

C

• the hybrid will receive 12 chromes from donkey (n=12) and 20 chromes from horse (n=20)

• this will combine to form 32 chromes in the hybrid

Synapsis occurs during which stage of meiosis?

A. anaphase I

B. anaphase II

C. metaphase II

D. prophase I

E. prophase II

D

• synapsis (crossing over) is where homologous chromes pair up and align, setting the stage for genetic recombination