Cultural Anthropology Exam 2

exactly what's on the tin

How do anthropologists define ethnicity?

A sense of connection to a group of people who we believe share a common belief, culture, and ancestry

What does an ethnic boundary marker signify?

Who is in a group and who is not

What does an identify entrepreneur do?

Promote a worldview through the lens of identity

What is the goal of those who engage in ethnic cleansing?

To remove or destroy another ethnic group

Why is a nation an "imagined community?"

Because people may share a strong sense of community, yet most people have never met and will never meet

Which political feature defines a nation-state, as opposed to a state?

The population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people

What term focuses on the expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to different people?

Gender

Why would a person be referred to as "cisgender?"

Their gender identity and expression corresponded with the biological sex category they were assigned at birth

What general point about globalization and gender may be made, based on Clara Freeman's ethnographic research on women working in export factories in Barbados?

Women assert agency in ways that shape the influence of globalization on gender roles

In addition to export-processing factories, what is a major area of employment for migrating women in the global economy?

Care Work

Why do anthropologists see sexuality as involving more than personal choices about who our sexual partners are and what we do with them?

Because people debate ideas of what is moral and appropriate in the sexual areas of life

What is one way that humans differ from most other mammals in their sexuality?

Most humans engage in long-term sexual partnerships and often co-parent the couple's joint offspring

How was homosexuality described in early uses of the term in 19th century United States?

A perversion of the natural order

What is a major consequence of the wedding culture and wedding industry in the United States, according to sociologist Chrys Ingraham?

Power dynamics that disadvantage women are obscured by the idealism and romance that U.S. culture promotes around weddings

How did French philosopher and social scientist Michel Foucault describe sexuality?

An especially dense transfer point for relations of power

Which description of the anthropological concept of kinship is most precise?

Who is related to whom, and the associated expectations, rights, and responsibilities

Which pair has an affinal relationship?

A man marries another man

What distinctive kinship feature did Janet Carsten document in her ethnographic research among Malay villagers on the island of Langkawi?

Kinship is not only given at birth, but also acquired throughout life

What did anthropologists Carol Stack learn about fictive kin among impoverished African Americans in a town outside Chicago?

Fictive juin networks extend to include all those willing to participate in a system of mutual support

What is the primary connection between nationalism and kinship?

Ideas of kinship and family, like ideas of nationalism, create a sense of connection among very different people

What is the most important question in Israel, with respect to nationalism and kinship?

Because Jewishness passes down matrilineally from mother to child, what are the kinship implications of assisted reproductive technologies?

According to Kath Weston's ethnographic study of gay and lesbian families in San Francisco, what is the bond that holds a "chosen family" together?

Love, compassion, and caring fro one another over time

Which dynamic of caregiving is the focus of anthropologist Cati Coe's research in Ghana, West Africa?

Caregiving for elders disrupted by transnational migration

What type of society has the least stratification?

Egalitarian Society

What is the root of extreme stratification un today's world?

Intensive agriculture and rising populations created new opportunities to concentrate wealth

Which theorist focuses most on the concept of intersectionality?

Leith Mullings

Which question would Pierre Bourdieu be most likely to ask about the water crisis in Flint, Michigan?

How do habitus and cultural capital affect the social mobility of each person?

What did pet Davidson Buck conclude about class in the United States, based in her research in two rural Kentucky counties?

The privileges often associated with Whiteness are limited by class

What is the key policy debate regarding the roots of poverty in the United States?

Is poverty a problem of culture or of economic structures?

Which patten of globalization is shaping India today?

New occupations and social mobility are undermining caste boundaries' power to maintain a system of stratification

About what percentage of the world's population struggle to meet basic needs?

50%

According to anthropologists, ethnicity is…

Actively created and negotiated

Myanmar's military seems determined to erase the Rohingya from the nation's history and ultimately the planet. This is an example of…

Genocide

Nationality is…

An identification with a group of people throughout to share a place of origin

Anthropologists understand nations as imagined communities because…

Most of the people within them have never and will never meet yet still feel a sense of connection with one another

The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases?

Ethnic Cleansing

What dies an ethnic boundary marker signify?

Who is in a group and who is not

Groups of people living outside their homeland but maintaining strong emotional and material tie to them are referred to as…

Diaspora

Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group. Anthropologists call these…

Ethnic Boundary Markers

What metaphor has been used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into the U.S. dominant culture?

Melting Pot

A group of people who share a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as an…

Ethnic Group

The observable, culturally agreed upon physical and biological differenced between the male and female human reproductive systems are called…

Sex

Gender studies is the study of…

how gender identities and expressions are shaped and affect one's life choices

What was NOT true about the sampling in "Tricking and Tripping?"

All of them were drug users

Why do anthropologists see sexuality as involving more than. personal choices about who our sexual partners are and what we do with them?

Because people debate ideas of what is moral and appropriate in the sexual arena of life

In "Tricking and Tripping," Claire E. Stark conducted fieldwork to learn about the life of what group of people?

Prostitutes

The kinship of mother, father, and children is called what?

Nuclear Family

Which of the following is the practice of formalizing and legalizing a marriage through the giving of gifts from the bride's family to the groom's family?

Dowry

Ambilineal decent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as what kind of decent group?

Cognatic

Sociologist Janet Carsten suggests that ____ draws heavily on ideas of kinship and family to create a sense of connection among vary different people.

Nationality

At the time of E.E. Evans-Pritchard's study, Nuer sons…

Obtained brides from other patrilineal decent groups

what model of kinship does the idea that a family consists of a mother, father, and their children reflect?

A Euro-American Ideal

Melanie Medeiros's research on the impact of a new tourism industry on families in Brogodo, Brazil, demonstrates which pattern?

Expanding economic opportunities for women are linked to a rapid rise in divorce

The parents of an upper-class family in the United States send their two children to a private boarding school and, later, to an elite college. Both children marry other members of the upper class, who they met at school. Their parents encouraged what kind of an arranged marriage?

Class Endogamy

When Juan José speaks of his dream to get married and have children, he is talking about a…

Family of Procreation

The system of meaning and power created to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectation, rights, and responsibilities is…

Kinship

What do anthropologists call decent groups based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation?

Clans

The 1980 "one child per family" policy in China has changed how the Chinese see families. Today, with China's population predicted to drop almost to half by 2100, the Chinese government is encouraging Chinese people to have more children. Why aren't Chinese people complying with this encouragement?

Small families have become the norm in China

The "culture of poverty" theory suggests what?

That class-based stratification and flexible accumulation cause poverty

Of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is often considered the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?

Class

After a round of golf, the wealthy housewives gossip about their absent friend's son who had to go to his "safety school" (a state college instead of the Ivy League universities that accepted their children). According to Weber, this fact is considered scandals because…

People of the same social class share similar life chances

In Buck's work, "sweat is meant to trickle up" refers to…

How elite profit from the labor of poor white workers

What ended the prosperity in Flint, Michigan, following the Industrial Revolution?

Deindustrialization and Flexible Accumulation

Max Weber argued that class stratification does not just happen. What is the most important way that the states influence class stratification?

The state perpetuates class stratification though its exercise of power

Why is the issue of water poisoning in Flint, Michigan, referred to as a hydro-social process?

The circulation of water intersects with human systems of power

According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned what part of society?

Means of Production

Countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are among those that have offered increasingly generous social benefits to their populations. What is the most likely result of this kind of action by the state?

It may help narrow stratification

Eleanor Burke Leacock suggests that changing attitudes and values cannot do what?

Cure poverty because they are characteristics of poverty

Societies such as the Amish have successfully forged an egalitarian society within the United States. To what aspect ion human interaction can we attribute this success?

Reciprocity

Pierre Bourdieu investigated the relationship between class, culture, and power by studying schools in France, with the expectation of finding that social mobility was the result if meritocracy. What did he discover instead?

Social relations were reproduced across generations

What is true about systems of class and inequality?

They create an unequal distribution of a society's resources

How do distributions of income and wealth rival the way in which power is distributed in a society?

Income and wealth determine an individual's access to resources such as health care

Your best friend, who has recently graduated with honors from Harvard University, arrives at a party you are hosting,. Despite being a total stranger to all the guests, your friend is surrounded almost constantly by others throughout the entire evening. How would a theorist like Max Weber analyze this situation?

Your friend enjoys high prestige due primarily to the addition with a high-prestige university

As India grows economically, urban areas shift from a. hierarchy of caste to a hierarchy of class, reflecting how…

India is changing from a society organized by a system of ascribed status to one of achieved status

Since the mid-1970s, how has class inequality in the United States changed?

It has increased due to decreasing tax rates for the wealthy and stagnating salaries for the middle class

What is unlineal descent?

Kinship groups but through a single line

What are the two types of unlined decent?

Multilineal and Patrilineal

What is the difference between Multilineal and Patrilineal decent?

Multilineal is kinship membership passed down from mother to daughter and Patrilineal is kinship membership passed down from father to son

What is a ranked society?

a group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are

What is a stratified society?

A group that is divided into various strata or layers based on different criteria