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13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in the U.S., except as punishment for a
Presidential Reconstruction:
Andrew Johnson's lenient plan to reintegrate Southern states after the Civil War.
Congressional Reconstruction:
Stricter Reconstruction policies led by Congress, focusing on civil rights and punishing the South.
Radical Republicans:
A group in Congress advocating for equal rights for freedmen and strict policies for Southern states.
14th Amendment:
Guaranteed citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law for all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
15th Amendment:
Gave African American men the right to vote.
Freedmen’s Bureau:
Government agency helping freed slaves by providing education, housing, and job opportunities.
Black Codes:
Restrictive laws limiting the freedom of African Americans in the South after the Civil War.
Sharecropping
A farming system where freedmen rented land and paid with a share of their crops, often trapping them in debt.
Military Reconstruction Act:
Divided the South into military districts to enforce Reconstruction laws and protect civil rights.
Presidential Impeachment:
The process of charging a president with misconduct; Andrew Johnson was impeached but not removed.
Carpetbaggers:
A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states
Federal Civil Rights Act of 1875
Law guaranteeing equal treatment in public accommodations and jury service (later ruled unconstitutional).
Equal Protection Clause
Part of the 14th Amendment ensuring that no state denies any person equal protection under the law.
Vagrancy Laws
Laws targeting unemployed freedmen, often forcing them into labor under harsh conditions.
Scalawags
Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and allied with Republicans.
Atlanta Compromise
A speech by Booker T. Washington advocating for economic cooperation over civil rights activism.
Grandfather Clause
Voting laws allowing only those whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to bypass literacy tests, disenfranchising African Americans.
Disenfranchisement
Efforts to deny voting rights, often targeting African Americans in the South.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court decision upholding 'separate but equal' segregation laws.
Lynching
Extrajudicial killings, often targeting African Americans, to enforce white supremacy.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.
The Lost Cause
A Southern narrative romanticizing the Confederacy and downplaying slavery as the cause of the Civil War.
Ida B. Wells
African American journalist and activist who fought against lynching and for civil rights.
W.E.B. Du Bois
Civil rights activist and scholar advocating for racial equality; wrote Souls of Black Folk.
Homestead Act (1862)
Provided free land to settlers willing to farm it for five years.
Morrill Land Grant College Act
Gave federal land to states to fund agricultural and technical colleges.
Diversity of Farming
Shift from single crops to varied agricultural production in the late 19th century.
Cattle (Long) Drives
Moving cattle over long distances to railheads for sale.
Role of Railroads
Connected the nation, boosted trade, and encouraged Western settlement.
Mechanization of Agriculture
Use of machines in farming, increasing efficiency and production.
Myth of the West
Romanticized view of the West as a land of opportunity and rugged individualism.
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
Traveling show depicting a dramatized version of the American frontier.
Grant's Peace Policy
President Grant's policy to assimilate Native Americans through reservations and Christian missions.
Bison
Central to Native American culture but nearly exterminated due to westward expansion.
Battle of Little Big Horn
A victory for the Sioux and Cheyenne over General Custer in 1876.
Battle of Wounded Knee
A massacre of Sioux men, women, and children by U.S. troops in 1890.
Dawes Severalty Act
Law dividing tribal lands into individual plots to assimilate Native Americans into U.S. culture.
Elk v. Wilkins
Supreme Court decision denying citizenship to Native Americans who had not fully assimilated.
Ghost Dance
Religious movement promising the restoration of Native lands and way of life.
Wounded Knee Massacre
The killing of hundreds of Lakota Sioux during the suppression of the Ghost Dance.
Nez Perce
Native American tribe that resisted U.S. government pressure to move to a reservation.
Chief Joseph
Leader of the Nez Perce, famous for his surrender speech: 'I will fight no more forever.'
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law banning Chinese immigration and preventing citizenship for Chinese immigrants.
Contradictions of Supreme Court Rulings on Chinese Rights
Cases like Yick Wo v. Hopkins (favoring Chinese rights) vs. others denying equal protection.
Immigration Restriction League
Group advocating for limiting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.
New Immigrants
Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who arrived in the U.S. in the late 19th century.
Industrial Economy
The rapid growth of factories, railroads, and mechanized production in the late 19th century.
Trusts
Business monopolies formed to control industries and eliminate competition.
J.P. Morgan
Influential banker who financed industrial giants and reorganized railroads.
Thomas Edison
Inventor of the light bulb, phonograph, and other revolutionary technologies.
Vertical Integration
Controlling all aspects of production, from raw materials to finished goods (e.g., Andrew Carnegie).
Horizontal Integration
Merging with competitors to dominate an industry (e.g., John D. Rockefeller).
Andrew Carnegie
Industrialist who led the expansion of the steel industry; a philanthropist.
John D. Rockefeller
Founder of Standard Oil and pioneer of horizontal integration.
Transcontinental Act
Legislation that helped build the transcontinental railroad, connecting the coasts.
