Classical

Conjunct (stepwise)

Notes move by step

Balanced phrases

A question phrase answered by a phrase of a similar length and rhythm

When was the classical period?

1750-1825

Mood of Classical Music

Often a contrast of mood after the contrast there is often a return to the opening mood

Melody of Classical Music

Usually smooth and conjuct with balanced 2 or 4 bar phrases

Rhythm of Classical Music

Uncomplicated underpinned by a steady pulse

Dynamics

Use of crescendos and diminuendos

Texture of Classical Music

Homophonic, the use of Alberti Bass

What is Alberti bass?

A broken chord accompaniment usually in quavers

Harmony of Classical Music

Mostly diatonic with strong use of chords I, IV and V

Timbre of Classical Music

Piano replaced the harpsichord as the main keyboard instrument but as a solo instrument not part of orchestras. More variety of timbre in orchestras

Ornamentation of Classical Music

Use of trills and grace notes but less use of mordents and slides. Consistent use of slurred and staccato articulation

Instrumentation of Classical Music

Development of wind and brass led to inclusion of clarinets, bassoons, horns and trombones in orchestras. Timpani was still the main percussion instrument.

What was the main type of concerto in the Classical period?

Solo concerto

Where were Classical music performed?

Royal Courts and palaces, but more so in concert halls

Characteristics of Classical concertos?

Solo vs orchestra, Increased textural variety, Increased dynamic variety, The ability of soloist to demonstrate their technique and virtuosity, Both soloist and orchestra have opportunities to accompany and be accompanied, Musical dialogue between soloist and orchestra, Introduction of the cadenza

How many movements are usually in a Classical Concerto?

Usually in 3 movements: fast - slow - fast

What is a cadenza?

A section in a piece where the orchestra is silent and the soloist plays an extended virtuosic passage which shows off the instrument's and performer's capabilities

Are any keyboard instruments in the orchestra used in Classical Concertos?

No

Tutti sections:

Unlike in the Baroque era, the soloist would not play in the tutti sections

Exposition

The first section of the movement is heard twice, first played by the orchestra and then by the soloist accompanied by the orchestra

Virtuoso

A brilliant soloist with masterly skill or technique

Main composers of the Classical era?

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven