Endocrine and Neurological Disorders

Flashcards based on lecture notes about endocrine and neurological disorders.

SIADH

Too much ADH, leading to water retention and hyponatremia.

SIADH labs

Low serum Na, and high urine osmolality

SIADH Treatment

Fluid restriction, hypertonic saline, demeclocycline.

SIADH Contraindications

Avoid hypotonic fluids and thiazide diuretics.

DI

Not enough ADH, leading to large dilute urine output and hypernatremia.

DI Neurologic Symptoms

Seizures

DI Treatment

Desmopressin, fluids.

Thyroid Feedback Loop

TRH -> TSH -> T3/T4.

Hypothyroid Labs

High TSH, low T3/T4.

Hyperthyroid Labs

Low TSH, high T3/T4.

Grave's Disease Symptoms

Exophthalmos, increased HR, heat intolerance.

Grave's Disease Medications

PTU, methimazole, beta blockers.

Hashimoto's Disease

Autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism.

Hashimoto's Treatment

Levothyroxine.

Myxedema

Life-threatening hypothyroidism.

Cushing's Syndrome Symptoms

High Cortisol, moon face, buffalo hump, striae.

Cushing's Labs

High Na, low K, high glucose.

Addison's Disease

Low Cortisol & Aldosterone.

Addison's Disease Symptoms

Weakness, bronze skin, low BP, salt craving.

Addison's Treatment

Hydrocortisone, Fludrocortisone

Fibromyalgia Symptoms

Widespread pain, fatigue, cognitive fog.

Migraine Symptoms

Pulsating pain, photophobia, N/V.

Migraine Treatment

Triptans, rest in dark room.

Tension Headache

Band-like tightness, stress-related headache.

Otitis Media Symptoms

Ear pain, fever, tugging, decreased hearing.

Meniere's Disease Symptoms

Vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss.

Meniere's Disease Pathophysiology

Increased fluid in inner ear (endolymph buildup).

Glaucoma

Increased IOP, peripheral vision loss.

Glaucoma Vision

"Looking through a straw" - tunnel vision.

Cataract

Blurred vision.

Macular Degeneration

Affects central vision, causing blind spots directly ahead.

Macular Degeneration Education

Smoking cessation, increase leafy greens.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Most common type of retinopathy.

Retinal Detachment

Trauma, floaters, curtain-like vision loss.

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Complication in infants <32 weeks or <1500g.

Retinopathy of Prematurity Outcome

Can lead to blindness if untreated.

Normal Troponin Range

<0.04 ng/mL

Troponin Significance

Myocardial injury/MI rises w/in 3 hrs, peaks at 24, lasts 7-10 days.

Normal CK-MB Range

0-3 ng/mL

CK-MB Significance

MI, muscle damage (rises 3-6 hrs).

Normal BNP Range

<100 pg/mL

BNP Significance

400 = likely heart failure

Troponin Assessment

Asses chest pain, SOB, or EKG changes together.

Normal Na+ Range

135-145 mEq/L

High Na+ Causes

Dehydration, DI

Low Na+ Causes

SIADH, fluid overload.

Normal K+ Range

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

High K+ Causes

Renal failure, DKA

Low K+ Causes

Diuretics, vomiting, insulin therapy.

Normal Ca2+ Range

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

High Ca2+ Causes

Hyperparathyroidism

Low Ca2+ Causes

Hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis

Normal Mg2+ Range

1.6-2.6 mEq/L

High Mg2+ Causes

Renal failure

Low Mg2+ Causes

Alcoholism, DKA, diuretics.

Normal Cl- Range

98-106 mEq/L

High Cl- Causes

Metabolic acidosis.

Low Cl- Causes

Vomiting, NG suction.

Normal HCO3 (CO2) Range

22-28 mEq/L

High HCO3 Causes

Compensated metabolic alkalosis.

Low HCO3 Causes

Metabolic acidosis.

Normal BUN Range

7-20 mg/dL

High BUN Causes

Dehydration, renal dysfunction

Low BUN Causes

Overhydration, liver failure

Normal Creatinine Range

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

High Creatinine Causes

Renal dysfunction.

Low Creatinine Causes

Low muscle mass.

Electrolyte Alert

Always monitor K+ and Mg2+ together- low Mg can prevent K+ correction.

Normal Fasting Glucose Range

70-99 mg/dL

High Fasting Glucose Causes

DM, Cushing's, stress.

Low Fasting Glucose Causes

Insulin OD, Addison's.

Normal HbA1c

<5.7%

High HbA1c

6.5% = Diabetes

Low HbA1c

<4% = frequent hypoglycemia.

Cause of SIADH

Too much ADH

Cause of DI

Not enough ADH

Thyroid hormone

T4

Thyroid hormone

T3

SIADH treatment

Fluid restriction

SIADH treatement

Hypertonic saline

DI treatment

desmopressin

DI treatment

fluids

Fibromyalgia symptom

Fatigue

Fibromyalgia symptom

Cognitive fog

Migraine symptom

Photo phobia

Migraine symptom

N/V

Cause of tension headaches

Stress

Meniere's symtpom

Tinnitus

Meniere's symtpom

Hearing loss

Cause of Meniere's

Endolymph buildup

Glaucoma symptom

Tunnel vision

Reduce Macular Degeneration

Leafy greens

Catar Cats symptom

Blurred vision

Macular Degeneration Symptom

Central vision loss

Glaucoma Symptom

Peripheral vision loss

Retinal Detachment Symptom

Floaters

Electrolyte imbalance in SIADH

Hyponatremia

Electrolyte imbalance in DI

Hypernatremia

Graves Disease

Hyperthyroidism

Hashimotos disease

Hypothyroidism