History of the Cell

Robert Hooke

discovered cells by observing cork under microscope

Antonie can Leeuwenhoek

first to observe living cells (microorganisms)

Theodor Schwann

formulated unified cell theory

Principles of cell theory

all organism consist of one or more cells

cell is the basic unit of life

all cells arise from pre-existing cells

George and Martha Gey

cultured first human cells at John Hopkins University

Henrietta Lacks

owner of HeLa cells

HeLa cells

divide indefinitely because the abnormally express the telomerase gene

Characteristics of Cell

complex and organized

possess genetic program (DNA)

capable of self-replication

acquire and utilize energy

carry out various chemical reactions

Properties of the Cell

engage in mechanical activities

respond to stimuli

self-regulating

evolve

Prokaryotic Cell

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

has true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Unicellular organisms

Archaea and Bacteria

Archaea

extreme environments

mycoplasma

smallest known cell

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic bacteria

cell differentation

process by which unspecialized cell become specialized

cytology

study of cell structure and fucntion

microtome

tool used to slice thin samples for microscopic study

Biochemistry

study of chemical processes in living cells

chromatography

to separate a mixture of molecules in solution into individual components based on size, charge, and affinity

centrifugation

to separate and isolate subcellular structures based on size, shape, and density

electrophoresis

use an electrical field to separate macromolecules based on their mobility through semisolid gel

Genetics

study of heredity and information flow

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into proteins that perform vital cell functions

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)

a gene-editing tool combining guide RNA and Cas9 enzyme

Bioinformatics

combines computer science and biology to analyze large DNA data sets

Genomics

study of all genes (genome) in an organism

Proteomics

study of all proteins and their interactions