Quick Fast pg 1-10

What is the ABO antigen system?

It is the different classes of human blood

What part of the blood is classified?

The red blood cells are distinguished

What other blood is compatible with type A?

Type A of Type O

What other blood is compatible with type B?

Type B or Type O

What other blood is compatible with type O?

Type O ONLY

What other blood is compatible with type AB?

Type A, B, or O

What is another name for acetylsalicylic acid?

Aspirin

What is the indication to give acetylsalicylic acid?

Mild to moderate pain

Does aspirin increase or decrease the effects of methotrexate?

Increase

What is methotrexate used for ?

Chemotherapy agent and rheumatoid arthritis

Acid reflux (GERD) what is the primary symptom?

Heartburn (pyrosis)

What test confirms GERD?

Barium swallow fluoroscopy

What malfunction allows reflux in GERD?

Lower esophageal sphincter

What is the client teaching for GERD?

Low fat, high protein diet, take antacids, avoid lying flat after meals

What is the virus that causes AIDS?

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

How is HIV transmitted?

Sexual inter course , direct contact with infected blood/body fluids, semen and breast milk

What are the symptoms of HIV?

Fever, weight loss, night sweats, diarrhea, fatigue

How is the presence of HIV confirmed?

Screening is done first to see if HIV antibodies are present, the test is performed to specifically identify the HIV antibodies

What is the screening test?

ELISA

What confirms the screening test?

HIV differentiation assay

How does HIV attack the body?

It attacks the immune system by destroying T-lymphocytes. The virus also rapidly replicates itself

What is so important about T-lymphocytes?

T cells help immune system to recognize and fight pathogens

What is another name for T-lymphocytes?

CD4 cells

Why is the CD4 count so important?

The lower the CD4 count the more damage the virus has done to the body

What is normal CD4 count?

500-1500

What is the normal CD4 count in a client with HIV?

Anything at or above 500. Client is considered in good health . If below 200 HIV has progressed to AIDS

If clients CD4 count is below 200, client is at risk for what?

Opportunistic infections

List some opportunistic infections

Oral pharyngeal candida infection (mouth fungus), kaposis sarcoma (skin cancer), pneumocystis pneumonia, cytomegalovirus (blindness), meningitis

What is the goal of HIV medications?

To interfere with the virus replication

The most important medication to know for AIDS?

Zidovudine

What isolation precautions are used with HIV?

Universal precautions, patients do not have to tell anyone they have HIV, treat everyone as if they are infected

How do the precautions change with AIDS?

If the client has a low CD4 count and risks opportunistic infection: implement : private room, reverse isolation. RN wears gloves, gown, goggles, mask when in direct contact with blood or body fluids

What are the teaching points for parents who hav a child with HIV?

Clean up body fluid/blood with 10:1 ratio of water/bleach ratio. Get all immunizations except live ones such as MMR, varicella, and oral poliovirus. Feed high calorie and protein diet, use gloves to change diapers

What is the definition of acute renal failure? ARF

Sudden loss of kidney function to excrete toxins and regulate fluids and electrolytes

What are some possible causes of acute renal failure?

Infection, obstruction, shock

There are three phases what are they?

Oliguric, diuretic, recovery

During the oliguric phase what will you see?

This phase lasts one to two weeks. Low urine output

What two electrolytes will be elevated?

Sodium and phosphate

The diuretic phase is second, what will you see?

Urine output slowly returns, hypokalemia, hypotension

What does recovery phase mean?

The kidneys are recovering through a slow process. Urine output increases and BUN is normal

What are the nursing interventions for ARF?

Daily weights, strict I&O's , treat the causes of renal failure, diuretics

What is the best diet for a client with ARF?

High carbs and low protein

Adams-stokes Syndrome Where is the complication located?

This is a heart problem

What will the client experience?

Sudden attacks of syncope and fainting, seizures may also be present

What will the nurse see on the EKG?

Asystole, or ventricular arrhythmias

Is there adequate tissue perfusion during the attacks?

No there will be no tissue perfusion

What is the treatment?

The client will need an internal pacemaker via surgery

What oral medications can be given after surgery?

Digoxin

Addison's disease , what is the cause?

A low production of hormones by adrenal gland. (Glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids)

What are some major symptoms?

Lethargy, weakness, weight loss

What color is the skin of a client with Addison's disease

Bronzed color (hyperpigmentation)

Will this client be overweight?

No weight loss is common

Will the serum blood glucose levels be high or low?

Low, so will the sodium levels

Will the serum potassium levels be high or low?

High

What is the treatment?

Lifelong glucocorticoid therapy

Clients allergic to latex may also be allergic to which foods?

Bananas, kiwi, chestnuts

What standard hospital equipment contains latex?

Blood pressure cuffs, gloves, stethoscopes, tourniquets, BAND AIDS, and indwelling catheters

What allergy is contraindicated for IV contrast dye?

Iodine/ shell fish allergy

What are the major complications of having an amputation performed?

Infections, skin breakdown, phantom limb pain, joint contractures

What is the positioning for post op care?? AKA (above the knee amputation)

Elevate first 24 hours, then prone position twice daily to prevent hip flexion

BKA (below the knee) positioning

Elevate foot of bed first 24 hours, then prone position twice daily to prevent hip flexion

What should you encourage?

Expressing feelings about lost limb

What is phantom limb pain?

Pain felt in an area that has been amputated

Aplastic anemia symptoms

Decreased erythrocytes, bleeding mucous membranes, thrombocytopenia

Aplastic anemia treatment

Blood transfusions, bone marrow transplantations

Iron deficiency anemia signs

Low hgb, hct, pallor, fatigue, tissue hypoxia, tachycardia, most common during pregnancy

Iron deficiency anemia treatment

Iron supplements, dietary changes

Vitamin B 12/ pernicious anemia signs

Pallor, "beefy red tongue", fatigue, paresthesia

Vitamin B12/ pernicious anemia treatment

Cyanocobalamin (vit B12) injections, dietary changes

True or false: an aneurysm is a dilation formed at a weak point on the wall of an artery?

True

What are the symptoms of aneurysms inside the body?

Most aneurysms inside the body have no symptoms

What sound would be heard on auscultation?

A blowing bruit

What are some risk factors?

Arteriosclerosis, infection (syphilis) , smoking, hypertension

What is the treatment for an aneurysm?

Surgery, depends on the size, strict blood pressure control with medications

What are the signs of a ruptured aneurysm?

Severe pain, N/V, tachycardia, decreased LOC, hypotension

List important NCLEX teaching points

Avoid straining, lifting, or exerting, take medications on schedule, report severe back/ flank pain

Anorexia nervosa what is the primary symptom of illness?

Starvation

What is the perception of the body?

Distorted

At what age does this disease occur?

Adolescent

What is the usual personality type?

Perfectionist, overachievers, low esteem

What is a major cardiac complication of anorexia?

Arrhythmias

What is a major gynecological complication of anorexia?

Amenorrhea

What treatment is involved in recovery?

Small frequent meals with counseling and milieu therapy

Appendicitis is commonly seen in what age range?

10-30 years old

What is the classic sign of appendicitis?

Acute right lower abdominal pain

What are some other signs/symptoms?

Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, low grade temperature

Localized tenderness is found where?

McBurney's point

What are the tests to determine appendicitis?

Complete history and physical exam, with WBC count (it will be elevated)

What is the treatment of appendicitis?

Immediate surgery to remove appendix, IV antibiotics, semi-Fowler's position, NPO to rest stomach

What is the general treatment for any acute abdominal pain?

NPO status, no heat on abdomen, assess abdominal distention, IV fluid therapy

Arterial blood gas, where are most samples drawn from?

Radial artery in the wrist

How long should pressure be applied to the site after collecting a sample?

5 minutes

Which test should be performed before collecting an ABG on a client ?

Allen's test

Asperger's syndrome is a form of?

Autism

The treatment focuses on improving?

Communication/ client social skills

Asthma . An obstructive airway disease cause by\_________ and \_________ of the bronchioles?

Spasms, inflammation

What are the signs of asthma?

SOB, tachycardia, expiratory wheezes, and possibly a cough

When will the client experience the cough?

At night

What is the primary treatment goal?

To identify allergen

Which mediations work best for treatment?

Anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, leukotriene modifiers, metered dose inhalers