AP HUG Unit 5&7 Vocab

Centrifugal Force

forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state

Developing Language

A language spoken in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed

Endangered Language

Languages that are not being taught to children by their parents and are not being used actively in everyday matters

Isogloss

boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions. It can be a boundary between two different languages

Language Family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

Literary Tradition

A language that is written as well as spoken

Official Language

Official languages are the language of the largest cultural group of a country. Each country can only have one official language. Official languages are used by the government for use in its daily business.

Threatened Language

language that is at risk of disappearing as its speakers die out or shift to speaking other languages.

Centripetal Force

an attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state

Dialect

a regional variation of a language that can be distinguished by its distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, and spelling

Extinct Language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

Language

A system of communication through the use of speech

Language Group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and displays relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

Logogram

symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words

Pidgin Language

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages

Vigorous Language

A language that is spoken in daily use but lacks literary tradition.

Creole Language

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Dying Language

A language used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children

Institutional Language

. A language used in education, work, mass media, and government

Language Branch

A collection of languages related by a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago, derived from the same family

Lingua Franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Mutual Intelligibility

The ability of two people to understand eachother when talking. Dialect Chains

Standard Language

The variant of a language that a county's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life

Working Language

language that is given a unique legal status in a supranational company, society, state or other body or organization as its primary means of communication

Proto-Indo-European

Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of an ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages Language Convergence

Language Convergence

the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages

Multilingual States

Countries in which more than one language is spoken

Nostratic

Language believed to be the ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, the Kartvelian languages, the Uralic-Atlantic, the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family

Sound Shift

Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin

Toponym

Place name

Language Divergence

A process whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation

Monolingual States

Countries in which only one language is spoken