PT CC1 Lab-Module 1

Hematology, Clinical Microscopy, Parasitology, Serology and Immunology, Bacteriology, Blood Bank, Clinical Chemistry

Different areas in the laboratory

Clinical Chemistry

Area in the laboratory generally concerned with analysis of body fluids for diagnostic purposes and therapeutic purposes

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Its goal is to provide all employees with a safe work environment and conduct on-site inspection

Public Law 91-596

OSHA’s Public Law No.

Good personal behavior

○  Wearing of PPE

○  Tie back long hair

○  No smoking, eating or drinking inside the lab

○  No mouth pipetting

○  Avoid unnecessary noises

○  Frequent hand washing

○  No nail polish

Good housekeeping

○  Working area lined with newspaper

○  Free of chemicals and dirty glassware

○  Proper storage of chemicals

○  Proper labeling of reagents

○  Follow warning signs (biohazard symbols)

○  Disinfection of working areas every after lab activity

Good lab technique

• DO NOT operate new/unfamiliar machines

• Careful reading of all labels and instructions

Solute + Solvent = Solution

Solution properties

Reagents

added to cause chemical reaction

ready to use or kit form

Two forms of reagents

Reagents

Requires addition of water or buffer (to maintain proper environment)

Analytical reagent

Suitable for most analytical lab procedures

Analytical Reagent

For qualitative and quantitative analysis and for accuracy

American Chemical Society (ACS)

Who sets the specifications for analytical reagent?

Analytical Reagent

Used for trace metal analysis and preparation of standard solution

Chemically pure/pure grade

Impurity limitations are NOT stated

Chemically Pure or Pure Grade

Chemical preparation is not uniform

Chemically Pure or Pure Grade

NOT recommended for clinical laboratory (most likely would cause injuries)

Ultrapure Reagents

Put through additional purification steps

Ultrapure Reagents

Used for chromatography, atomic absorption spectrometry, molecular diagnostics, and standardization

Spectrograde, nanograde, and HPLC Pure

Examples of ultrapure reagents

Technical or Commercial Grade

Used for manufacturing but is not used in clinical laboratory setting

United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF)

Used to manufacture drugs but is limited to the criterion of not being injurious

Primary Standard

Measured DIRECTLY to produce a substance of exact known concentration

Secondary Standard

Concentration is determined by comparison with a primary standard

Water

Most frequently used reagent in the laboratory

Filtration

The process by which water follow to lessen the contaminants present

Distillation

Purification of water using heat

Ion Exchange

Used to produce ionized water

Ion exchange resin

What does the ion exchange process in water used?

Reverse osmosis

Pressure to force water out of membrane

Ultrafiltration

Removes particulate matter, bacteria used in water

Nanofiltration

Example of ultrafiltration process used in water

UV Light

Removes organic materials from the water

Microbiological content

Test for water purity to know that no large amount of infectious bacteria could be found and only nonpathological bacteria

pH Test

Test to know whether water purity is acidic or alkaline

Ammonia Test

Test for water purity concerning ammonia levels

Detergent-contaminated

Water that has an alkaline pH

Hard water

contains calcium, iron and other dissolved elements

Gram-negative bacteria

The most commonly found organisms in water after the purification process is complete are _____

Calcium and Iron

Elements found in hard water

Type 1 Reagent Water

Used for test methods requiring minimum interference

Type 1 Reagent Water

Used for procedures that require maximum water purity for accuracy and precision

Type 1 Reagent Water

Used in Flame photometry, AAS, Blood gases and pH, enzyme studies, electrolyte testing, high-pressure liquid chromatography, trace metal and iron studies

Type II Reagent Water

For hematology, microbiology, immunology and chemistry

Type II Reagent Water

Acceptable for preparation of reagents and quality control materials

Type III Reagent Water

For urinalysis, parasitology and histology and is used in creating slides

Signage and Labeling

Pre-analytical and is a very important pre-consideration indicating the information indicated on the product label

Statement of the hazard

Indicates the kind of hazard which comes with the chemical or material

Precautionary measures

Measures to be taken to consideration when using a chemical or material

Specific hazard class

The class to which the hazard belong

First aid instructions for internal/external contact

Indicates the instructions to be followed during emergency or injurious situations

Storage code

Indicates where the chemical or material should be stored

Safety code

Indicates what safety classification a material or chemical belongs to

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Hazard Identification System

Chemical Identity, Concentration, Date Prepared, Expiration Date

Labels included for in-house prepared reagents

No hazard

Health Hazard-0

Can cause irritation if not treated

Health Hazard-1

Can cause injury and requires prompt treatment

Health Hazard-2

Can cause serious injury despite medical treatment

Health Hazard-3

Can cause death or major injury despite medical treatment

Health Hazard-4

Will not burn

Flammability Hazard-0

Ignites after considerable preheating

Flammability Hazard-1

Ignites if moderately heated

Flammability Hazard-2

Can be ignited at all normal temperatures

Flammability Hazard-3

Very flammable gases or very volatile flammable liquids

Flammability Hazard-4

Normally stable. Not reactive with water.

Reactivity Hazard-0

Normally stable. Unstable at high temperature and pressure. Reacts with water.

Reactivity Hazard-1

Normally unstable but will not detonate.

Reactivity Hazard-2

Can detonante or explode but requires strong initiating force or heating under confinement.

Reactivity Hazard-3

Readily detonates or explodes

Reactivity Hazard-4

Denotes the material is water reactive

W

Denotes an oxidizing agent

OX

Denotes a corrosive hazard

COR

Denotes alkali hazard

ALK

Denotes acid hazard

ACID

Fire

Chemical reaction that involves the rapid oxidation of a combustible material or fuel, with subsequent liberation of heat and light

Rescue

(R)ACE

Alarm

R(A)CE

Contain

RA(C)E

Extinguish or Evacuate

RAC(E)

Ordinary Combustibles

Class A Fires

Wood, Paper, Cloth

Class A Fires

Flammable Liquids

Class B Fires

Grease, Oil, Paint, Solvents

Class B Fires

Live Electrical Equipment

Class C Fires

Electrical panel, motor, wiring

Class C Fires

Combustible Metal

Class D Fires

Magnesium, Aluminum, etc.

Class D Fires

Commercial Cooking Equipment

Class K fires

Cooking OIls, Animal Fats, Vegetable Oils

Class K Fires

Water, Dry Powder, Foam, CO2, Wet Chemical

5 Main Types of Fire Extinguishers

Dry powder

Standard or specialist fire extinguisher

Pull the pin

(P)ASS

Aim at the base of the fire

P(A)SS

Squeeze the handle

PA(S)S

Sweep from side to side

PAS(S)

Chemical Hazard

Is a (non-biological) substance that has the potential to cause harm to life or health

Inhalation or Digestive System

Chemical hazards can enter the body through _____ or ____

Electrical Hazard

The laboratory setting contains a large amount of electrical equipment with which workers have frequent contact.