SGT 102 Final Exam Study Guide

Peak Effect

The period of maximum effect of a drug.

Side Effect

Anticipated effects of a drug other than those intended.

Hypersensitivity

A cell-mediated immune response to a substance in the body.

RACE- Rescue

Rescue patients in the immediate area of the fire.

RACE- Alert

Alert other people to the fire so that they can assist in patient removal and response. Activate the fire alert system.

RACE-Contain

Contain the fire. Shut all doors to slow the spread of smoke and flame. Always shut off the zone valves controlling inline gases to the room.

RACE-Evacuate

Evacuate personnel in the areas around the fire.

PASS-Pull

Pull the ring from the handle.

PASS-Aim

Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire.

PASS-Squeeze

Squeeze the handle.

PASS-Sweep

Sweep the fire with tank contents

Coma

The deepest state of unconsciousness, in which most brain activity ceases.

Amnesia

The loss of recall (memory) of events.

Anesthesia

The absence of sensory awareness or medically induced unconsciousness.

Extubation

Removal of the airway

Intubation

The process of inserting an invasive artificial airway.

Induction

Initiation of general anesthesia with a drug that causes unconsciousness.

Local Anesthetics

A method of anesthesia in which an agent is injected or applied topically to interrupt pain impulses at the nerve endings

Diastolic Pressure

The pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the resting phase of cardiac contraction

Systolic Pressure

The pressure exerted by blood on the walls of vessels during the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.

Pituitary Gland

• is called the “master gland”

• Vital in reproduction and growth 

• Regulates renal system & thyroid gland functions

•  has two lobes and is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum

  • Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

  • Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

Pitressin

• used to stabilize fluid balance in patients with diabetes insipidus (a disease which secretion of the pituitary hormone vasopressin is impaired)

• is a vasopressin (a hormone that produces the retention of water by the kidneys)

Pitocin

Used to induce labor and used in Cesarean sections to stop postpartum bleeding

Fulguration

A process of tissue surface destruction used in electrosurgery.

Bipolar Circuit

An electrosurgical circuit in which current travels from the power unit through an instrument containing two opposite poles in contact with the tissue and then returns directly to the energy source.

Ultrasonic Energy

High-frequency energy created by vibration or excitation of molecules. This type of energy destroys tissue by breaking molecular bonds.

Argon Laser

• used during laser surgery

Dispersive Electrode

A component of the electrosurgical circuit that spreads current at the point where it exits the body and thus prevents injury.

Chemical Name (Drug)

The name of a drug that reflects its molecular structure.

Trade Name (Drug)

The name given to a drug by the company that produces and sells it.

Generic Name (Drug)

formulary name of a drug that is assigned by the U.S. Adopted Names Council.

Contraindications (Drug)

Circumstances that make use of a protocol, drug, or procedure medically inadvisable because they increase the risk of injury or harm.

Living Will

 A legal document stating the patient’s wishes regarding care in the event the patient is unable to speak for himself or herself.

Informed Consent

A process or legal document that describes the patient’s surgical procedure and the risks, consequences, and benefits of that procedure.

Advance Directive

A document in which a person gives instructions about his or her medical care in the event that the individual cannot speak for himself or herself.

Required request Law

A law requiring medical personnel to request organ recovery from a deceased’s family.

Parenteral Administration

Administration of a drug by injection.

Pharmacodynamics

The biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action in the body.

Bargaining (Death)

Kübler-Ross describes this stage as a way of postponing death. Patients may attempt to bargain with a spiritual entity, such as, “I want one pain-free day with my family” or “Daily prayer may prolong my life.”

Denial (Death)

The patient denies their death, a natural response to shocking events. Denial is a defense mechanism that delays accepting death until the mind is ready.

Acceptance (Death)

In Kübler-Ross’s theory, death is “accepted.” The idea and interpretation of death are no longer a source of psychological conflict.

Determination (Death)

A formal medical process to determine brain death.

Autopsy Protocols

typically involve a series of steps, including external and internal . examinations, organ removal, and examination of various organs. The purpose of an autopsy is to determine the cause and manner of death

Agonist

drug that produces a response in the body by binding to a receptor.

Antagonist

drug or chemical that blocks a receptor-mediated response.

Fluoroscopy

radiological technique that provides real-time images of an anatomical region.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

average amount of pressure exerted throughout the cardiac cycle.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

diagnostic technique that uses radiofrequency signals and magnetic energy to produce images.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

type of medical imaging that measures specific metabolic activity in the target tissue.

Electrocardiography (ECG)

noninvasive assessment of the heart’s electrical activity displayed on a graph.

Pharmacodynamics

biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action in the body.

Pharmacokinetics

movement of a drug through the tissues and cells of the body, including the processes of absorption, distribution, and localization in tissues; biotransformation; and excretion by mechanical and chemical means.

Standard Precautions

Guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reduce the risk of disease transmitted by blood-borne and other pathogens.

Allied Health Profession

profession that follows the principles of medicine and nursing but focuses on an expertise set apart from those practices.

Abandonment (Health Professional)

health professional’s failure to stay with a patient and provide care, especially when there is an implied contract to do so.

Tort Law

Legal wrongdoing that results in injury to a person or property.

Sentinel Event

A patient safety event that is not related to the patient’s illness or underlying condition, resulting in death, permanent harm, or severe temporary harm requiring intervention to sustain life

Statutes (Law)

Laws passed by federal or state legislative bodies.

Regulations

Laws that are enforced by state and federal agencies.

Spores (endospores)

The dormant stage of some bacteria that allows them to survive in extreme environmental conditions, including heat, cold, and exposure to many chemicals.

Bacteria

Single-celled organisms enclosed in a cell wall or outer capsule, reproduce by binary fission, and may secrete exotoxins or enzymes that damage human host cells.

Positive Pressure Ventilation

method of providing mechanical ventilation by pushing air into the patient's lungs, which can be done through devices like ventilators or bag-mask systems.

Disinfection

a process that results in the destruction of microorganisms on an inanimate (nonliving) object or surface. 

Antibiotics

Drugs that inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria

Antibiotic Resistance

the ability of some strains of pathogenic microbes to prevent or withstand the activity of antimicrobial agents.

Opening Sterile Goods

• Maintain 12 in from sterile field

• Check packages for any holes or punchers

• Dispose outer package in designated trash bin- not biohazard or kick buckets.

• Check for indicators

• Use a separate area for other - gowns, gloves & etc.

How to move in the OR (Sterile/Non-Sterile)

on-Sterile Personnel:

• Approach: Approach sterile areas facing them. 

• Avoidance: Do not walk between two sterile fields. 

• Distance: Maintain a minimum distance of 12 inches from the sterile field. 

Awareness: Be aware of the movements of others in the OR, especially sterile personnel. 

Sterile personnel

Should keep their hands in front of their chest, avoid touching non-sterile areas, and ensure their back is turned towards non-sterile surfaces when passing others.

Sterile Surfaces/Non-Sterile Surface

Diuretics

• Medications administered to reduce body fluids by preventing reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys

•  From this, the patient excretes large amounts of dilute urine known as diuresis.

• Diuretics used in the management of chronic medical conditions:

  • Hypertension 

  • Congestive heart failure (CHF)

  • Glaucoma

Effective Diuretics

Maslow’s Hierarchy Levels- Level 1: Physiological Needs

• Respiration

• Nutrition

• Excretion-necessary to maintain homeostasis

• Reproduction-survival of human species

• Growth-to thrive

• Transport-having the control to do so

Maslow’s Hierarchy Levels- Level 2: Safety and Security-without it comes fear

Fear of…..

• Anesthesia

• Death

• Pain-body defense mechanism

• Disfigurement

• Loss of control

• Physical exposure

• Loss of privacy

Maslow’s Hierarchy Levels- Level 3: Love and Belonging 

• Acceptance

• Nurturing of others

Maslow’s Hierarchy Levels-Level 4: Esteem

• Esteem

• Self-image

• Body image

Maslow’s Hierarchy Levels- Level 5: Self-Actualization

• Personal potential fully realized (Maslow)

• Humans are driven by motivation to self-actualize, if their environments support them (Rogers)

Pulmonary Embolism

 the blockage of a pulmonary vessel by air, a blood clot, or other substance.

Physiological Monitoring

 Assessment of the patient’s vital metabolic functions.

Volatile Substance

 substance such as alcohol with a low boiling point and that converts to a vapor at low temperature.

Anticoagulants

drug that inhibits blood clot formation but does not dissolve clots.

Controlled Substances

Drugs that have the potential for abuse

Aerobes

Organisms that favor an environment with oxygen. Strict aerobes cannot live without oxygen.

Surgically Clean

refers to items that have been mechanically and chemically cleaned but are not sterile

Escherichia Coli (E Coli)

• Causes postoperative infections via contaminated objects/ perforation, leads to UTI

• in bloodstream can cause severe tissue damage or death in bloodstream.

Gram Staining

Rapid identification test that assists the physician in prescribing an initial course of antibiotic therapy based on the probable pathogen causing the infection; method to distinguish types of bacteria using a series of staining agents.

Biological Monitoring

a method used to verify the effectiveness of sterilization processes by using a harmless bacterium contained in a self-contained unit known as a biological indicator (BI)

Commensalism

Neither organism is harmed in the biological relationship

Parasitism

One is harmed and other benefits

Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen in the tissue.

Acute Onset

Sudden onset of disease or trauma or disease of short duration, usually 3 weeks or less.

Define a Laser

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Eschar

Burned tissue fragments that can accumulate on the electrosurgical tip during use; can cause sparking and become a source of ignition.

Heparin

• the most commonly used interoperative parenteral anticoagulant

• used in All vascular and cardiac surgery

• administered by IV, SC & Topical (at surgical site)

• Increased risk of hemorrhage & Thrombocytopenia

• measured in units

Kittner

• used during dissection.

Underwriters Laboratories

nonprofit agency that tests and certifies electrical equipment in the United States.

Sphygmomanometer

instrument used to measure blood pressure.

TNM Classification System

international system for determining the extent of metastasis and the level of cell differentiation, two important factors in the treatment and prognosis of cancer.

Neoplasm

tumor, which may be benign or malignant.

Sensory Sedation

type of sedation where the sensory parts of the brain are isolated, leading to a trance-like state in which the patient experiences dissociation (a detachment from the environment and self) and amnesia (loss of memory).

Antiemetic Agents

• used to prevent or reduce vomiting.

• Administered in PACU

• Ex.) • Dolasetron • Granisetron • Metoclopramide • Ondansetron

Hypokalemia

Condition of too little potassium in the blood (<2.5 mEq/L).