AP Psych stress, positive psychology, and disorders QUIZ

Stress

the process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event. Stress can take many forms, known as stressors:

Stress stems from

catastrophes, signficiant life changes, daily hassles, ACEs

Catastrophes

unpredictable large-scale events, such as natural disasters

Significant Life Changes

moving, marriage, divorce, pregnancy, death of a loved one

Daily Hassles

traffic, dead cell phone, no Wifi, strained budgets, deadlines

ACEs (Adverse childhood Experiences)

can affect a person throughout the lifespan

Eustress

motivating stress

Distress

debilitating stress

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

a three-phase in response to stress

Alarm reaction

Your sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated and your heart rate zooms. Blood is diverted to your skeletal muscles. You feel the faintness of shock. With your resources mobilized, you are now ready to fight back.

Resistance

your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. Your adrenal glands pump hormones into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge. FIGHT OR FLIGHT OR FREEZE

Exhaustion

Your responses have used all their energy. With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to illness because immune system weakens and hypertension arises.

Tend-and-befriend response

Facing stress, women tend to their own needs and needs of others

Problem focused coping

change stressor or face the problem

Emotion focused coping

change appraisal, deep breathing, meditation-try to reduce the stress felt

Positive psychology

focus on well-being, resilience, positive emotions, psychological health

Subjective well-being

your perception of being happy or satisfied with life. Happiness is relative to our own experiences and to others' success.

Positive psychologists

use scientific methods to study human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Posttraumatic growth

a positive subjective experience after the experience of trauma or stress

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. (must have 3 D's!)

Dysfunctional

interfering with normal day-to-day functioning

Deviant

behavior is abnormal

Distressing/Maladaptive

behavior causes significant psychological, emotional, physical, or social harm

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

system for classifying disorders, does not explain cause

ICD

International Classification of Mental Disorders

Medical model

concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital

psychopathology

an illness of the mind

Eclectic approach

uses more than one perspective when diagnosing and treating clients

Diathesis-stress model

assumes disorders develop due to genetic vulnerability (diatheseis) in combination with stressful life experiences

Culture-bound syndromes

disorders which only seem to exist within certain cultures

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

by age 7, the appearance of extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism spectrum disorder

impaired theory of mind, kids struggle with communication and social interaction

Theory of mind

understanding from others point of view

anxiety disorders

marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Examples of anxiety disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobia, Social anxiety disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal, Leads to ulcers and hypertension, Mostly women

Panic disorder

Unpredictable episodes of intense fear, heart palpitations, and dizziness—often mistaken as a heart attack

Ataque de nervios

culture bound anxiety disorder in Caribbean or Iberian descent

AGORAPHOBIA

fear and avoidance of crowds or being away from home because it might be hard to escape if panic occurs (often happens when people have panic disorder)

Arachnophobia

Fear of spiders

Acrophobia

Fear of heights

Social Anxiety Disorder

fear of being judged or watched by others.

Taijin kyofusho

culture bound anxiety of people judging their bodies by Japanese people

OCD

Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

Obsessions

repetitive thoughts...Concern with dirt, germs

Compulsions

repetitive behaviors..checking iron is off

Hoarding disorder

persistent difficulty getting rid of or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items. Attempts to part with possessions create considerable distress and lead to decisions to save them. The resulting clutter disrupts the ability to use living spaces.

Causes of anxiety disorders

Behavioral perspective- learn anxiety and fear as a part of classical conditioning, generalization, operant conditioning, observational learning; Biological perspective-Abnormal brain circuits, genetic inheritance; Cognitive perspective- maladaptive thinking

mood disorder

characterized by extreme or inappropriate emotions- Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder aka depression

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, MUST HAVE at least one of either depressed mood or loss of interest

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A mild to moderate chronic depression. , It involves a sad or dark mood most of the day, on most days, for two years or more.

Bipolar disorder

(formerly known as manic-depressive disorder) is when a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

mania

a euphoric, overly talkative wildly energetic and extremely optimistic state

Bipolar I

More Severe, Marked with swings of Mania and Low Depression

Bipolar II

Less Severe - many aren't diagnosed until years after episodes., Swings of hypomania and a depression.

Influences on Mood Disorders

Genetic, serotonin/norepinephrine, nutrition, social-cognitive

Post-traumatic stress disorder (or PTSD)

characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes engaging in excessive exercise

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight loss behavior, such as purging, laxative use, and/or excessive exercise

Dissociative disorders

controversial and rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and/or feelings.

Dissociative Amnesia

sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to memory loss (fugue: total memory loss)

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. , commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma, often misdiagnosed or exaggerated

schizophrenia

Characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions—a split from reality

Delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution (someone is after you) or grandeur (being the best)

Hallucinations

perceive things that are not there (voices, people, etc...)

Word salad

jumping from one idea to the next

Positive Symptoms

an addition of inappropriate emotions and/or behaviors

Negative Symptoms

a lack of appropriate emotions and/or behaviors

Chronic schizophrenia

: when schizophrenic symptoms appear in adolescence in early adulthood, but psychotic episodes become more frequent and severe as they age.

Acute schizophrenia

can begin at any age and is usually in response to a traumatic event.

Personality disorders:

are inflexible and enduring patterns of behavior that impair social functioning.

Cluster A:

Odd/Eccentric, paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Paranoid:

distrust and suspicion of others

Schizoid:

detachment from social relationships and desire for solitary activities

Schizotypal:

odd thoughts and beliefs that cause impairment in functioning

Cluster B:

Dramatic, Eccentric, antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline

Antisocial:

lack of conscience or remorse, psychopath/sociopath, mostly males

Histrionic:

shallow, attention getting behaviors

Narcissistic:

exaggerate their own self importance, feel entitlement, lack empathy

Borderline:

unstable relationships, fear of abandonment

Cluster C:

Anxious/Fearful, avoidant, dependent, OCD counts

Avoidant:

fear of rejection or negative evaluation

Dependent:

need to be taken care of by others