MX history

I'm literally so bored

Tonantzin

mother earth, creator of all gods, creator of corn

what does corn represent?

life and history, root of its civilization

Cuicuilco

500 BC - the oldest pyramid of stone

Olmecs

Rubber people - had a giant pyramid of clay, played the religious game of rubber ball, created giant stone heads and pillars

What animal did the Olmecs worship?

 cut jade into masks and worshipped the jaguar

religious beliefs of olemcs/natural disaster

Gods feed on human blood, the slightest human neglect would cause the gods to send punishments.

Quetzalcoatl

Gods are to be feared but are also beautiful - like the god of wind, Quetzalcoatl - combination of opposites.

3 important areas of knowledge

In early AD, art math astronomy and architecture reached a peak of achievement hardly equaled again.

Mayans

built pyramids that rose above the jungle, invented an accurate calendar and the number 0

Priests

were the only ones who could read and write the Mayan hieroglyphs - created the calendar, calculated eclipses and told people when to sow the corn.

mayan social structure

semi-communist state that used no money - the peasants worked and owned the land in common.

Teotihuacan

a metropolis of the classic age filled with pyramids and plazas with many houses.

other name for Teotihuacan

Once called the painted city because of its once 10 000 walls ordained with images of heads, or gods

main deity of Teotihuacan

Chaac the rain god

Monte Alban

a leveled mountaintop where they built a ceremonial city.

Tlaxaelel

rewrote history, when he saw a bird on a cactus eating a snake in the Valley of Mexico and decided to move out to the island of Tenochtitlan and built the city.

Tlacaelel

redefined the theology - peasant youth must fight and die in order to bring prisoners for the altars to the sun.

Hernan Cortez

1519 - He led a force of 4000 Spainiards into Tenochtitlan where the emperor greeted him as a divinity. - Cortez took the monarch captive. 

Noche Triste battle

Aztecs almost anihilated the Spaniards - The only night of conquest where the Spaniards suffered - Cortez and his men fled, a year later, they came back for reconquest.

Nuño de Guzman

took over as governor In 1527 when Cortez left his plantations to visit Spain - crappy person do many bad things

indigenous causes of death

overwork in the mines, and many died to disease. (smallpox, malaria, chlorea, yellow fever, bubonic plaugue)

*Breve Relacion de la Destruccion de las Indias*, Fray Bartolome de las Casa

Eyewitness reports of the abuses of the Indians in society. 

reforms of spanish government

* The Spanish King passed a law that outlawed slavery for the natives - the Indians were frees, replaced by the Africans.
* Created new forms of forced labor and debt peonage. woohooo

first major conversion

1521-1531

Juan Diego

saw the virgin mary and left her image on his cloak in 1531 - converted more indians to the jesus fanclub catholicism

factors of economic dependency to Spain

turn of the century the colonial system was set up. - the colony sent silver, gold, wheat, sugar, chocolate and tobacco, Spain sent back consumer goods.

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Creating consumer goods in Mexico was illegal because that is the job of the mother country.

Hacienda system

Haciendas = landowning class, peons = poor ppl (indigenous) who are tied to them through work

Los creoles

descendants of original colonizers but born in Mexico. All top positions are reserved for los peninsulares

 Miguel Hidalgo

September 16, 1810 - sparked revolution by calling, “ Death to the wicked government!”

Hidalgo’s social revolution

Battle of Monte de las Cruces in 1810 - he decreed the end of black slavery, end of taxes on Indians, confiscation of Spanish property and return it to the villages.

Hidalgo’s famous phrase during protest

 “Viva la Virgen de Guadalupe!”

what fortress did Hidalgo storm?

Guanajuanto

Jose Maria Morelos

revolutionary who had liberated some of South Mexico

Vicente Guerrero

Morelos’s successor who continued the revolution past the 1810s

government in 1821 Mexican conservatives declared independence

crowned Agustin Iturbide as king. - he was a bad king so he was killed (oof)

1821 and 1876 the average lifespan of a government

7 months

when was TX annexed to US?

1845 as a result of the Mexican-American war

Polk

was moving fast to support the war/fight back for TX

Ulysses S. Grant thoughts on the war

most unjust war ever fought by a stronger against a weaker nation.

Benito Juarez

President, push along the great reform of 1860s and they were strong christians. He was carrying out the “divine will”

Napolean and Maximilian

Napoleon wanted to take Mexico in LA to complete his crusade and The mexicans “invited” Maximilian of Hapsburg to be their king

 The Foreign Legion of France

executed any civilians who helped the guerillas of protest-  France invented the counterinsurgency methods of modern colonialism.

nationhood of mexico

under Juarez in the 1870s - Mexico united to fight against France’s foreign legion

Ruben Jaramilla (1943 and 1953)

rose in guerilla war in the south. He preached revolution for the peasants. - 1962, the land-for-the-tiller movt still spread in 60s and 70s

National railroad strike of 1958-1959

drew support from teachers, peasants and workers. Govt broke the strike and jailed the leaders. 

Student movement

1968, 27.5 million people gathered in Mx City and demanded the release of jailed officers and dismissal of the chief of police.

response to student uprising

Govt sent armed thugs (porros) to campuses.

3 important women

La Marinche, La Virgen de Guadalupe y Sor Juana Inez de la Cruz (poetress)