BIOETHICS CHAP 11 pt.2

Chemical methods

are spermicides that prevent conception by killing the sperm before they enter the uterine cavity or reach the Fallopian tubes.

1. Vaginal suppositories and tablets

2. Vaginal jellies, creams, and foams

Chemical methods include:

Vaginal suppositories and tablets

A small, bullet-shaped substance similar to paraffin or a piece of candle, a suppository contains chemicals capable of killing sperm.

Vaginal suppositories and tablets

It is inserted into the vagina about 10 to 15 minutes before copulation to allow it to melt.

vaginal foaming tablet

____ is moistened with saliva or water and inserted into the vagina 10 to 15 minutes before intercourse.

vaginal foaming tablet

 It melts at body temperature and forms a coat of foam to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

Suppositories and tablets

are the most convenient forms of chemical contraceptives, and there is no need for a doctor's prescription.

vaginal foams

Sold with a plastic applicator, ____ are packaged with a butane propellant in a bottle

an hour

Immobilizing and killing the sperm, these spermicides are effective for ____.

six hours

Immobilizing and killing the sperm, these spermicides are effective for an hour. There should be no washing or douching of the vagina until ____ after coition.

contraceptive foam

____ is reportedly the most effective spermicide available because it covers the walls of the vagina quickly and evenly with a thick film of foam.

Hormonal methods

These methods have something to do with the production of hormones that affect a woman's ovulation process and menstrual cycle.

1. Contraceptive pills

2. Injections and implants

Hormonal methods include:

Contraceptive pills

he pill is a combination of synthetic hormones, usually estrogen and progestin.

Contraceptive pills

 It is taken daily for either 21 or 28 days each month starting on the fifth day after the beginning of the menstrual cycle.

Contraceptive pills

it helps maintain a constantly high hormone level, which prevents the ovary from releasing an egg, thus, preventing conception, no matter how often a couple may engage in sexual intercourse.

thrombotic disorders in the legs, hypertension, post-pill amenorrhea, gall bladder disease, hepatoma, congenital defects

Other alleged major complications of the pill are:

 biodegradable pill implant

 which is about three centimeters long, can be injected using a large-bore needle right through the woman's skin.

Abortifacients

Anything used to cause abortion or the expulsion of a fetus

1. Intrauterine device (IUD)

2.  DES (diethylstilbestrol)

3. Prostaglandins

4. Anti-pregnancy vaccine

5. Low-dose type of contraceptive pills

Abortifacients include:

Intrauterine device (IUD)

 is a small object made of plastic or metal and often comes in the shape of a T.

Intrauterine device (IUD)

This device does not prevent ovulation, but it can prevent conception and discontinue a pregnancy by irritating and inflaming the lining of the uterus in such a way that is lethal to sperm

spontaneous expulsion, embedding, ectopic pregnancies, pelvic inflammatory disease, perforation

Other reported complications of IUDs are

DES (diethylstilbestrol)

Also considered a morning after pill

DES (diethylstilbestrol)

is a synthetic hormone that forces the endometrium or uterine lining to shed.

Prostaglandins

When taken by mouth, injection, or as a vaginal suppository, it causes a violent contraction of the uterus, pushing out whatever is inside it.

Prostaglandins

This drug is used in second-trimester abortions

Anti-pregnancy vaccine

This vaccine makes a woman produce antibodies that neutralize human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

is the mechanism that is used to shut off a mother's menstrual period after conception.

estrogen

Contraceptive pills usually have low doses of ____ (e.g., ethinyl estradiol, a synthetic estrogen) because of its untoward side effects.

Surgical methods

These methods have been referred to as types of contraceptive sterilization

Surgical methods include: