History FINALS

Charles Martel

Defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ends Merovingian Dynasty

Pepin the Short

King of the Franks (751-768) who founded the Carolingian dynasty. He was the first King of the Franks to be anointed by the Pope, and he consolidated the Frankish kingdom by defeating the Lombards and the Aquitanians.

Clovis

King of the Franks who ruled from 481 to 511. He converted to Christianity and united the Frankish tribes, establishing the Merovingian dynasty.

Franks

A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul.

Leif Eriksson

Norwegian explorer, son of Erik the Red, first to explore the Americas

Canon Law

Church law

William the Conqueror

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe

Treaty of Verdun

(843) Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms

Vikings

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia

Alfred the Great

(849-899) King of Wessex from 871 to 899; defeated Danish invaders and united Anglo- Saxon England under his control. He compiled a code of laws and promoted learning.

Pope Leo III

Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor

Battle of Hastings

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons and left England open for the Norman Conquest

Richard the Lion-Hearted

English king, leader of the Third Crusade, agreed to a truce with Saladin

Role of Monks and Nuns

Lived a simple life, helped people in need, and spread Christianity

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection

Knighthood

The process of becoming a knight (Page, Squire, Knight)

Growth of trade

Spreading of Christianity and cultures of different countries; increased exchange of foreign goods

Hundred Years War

War between France and Britain started by Philip VI (France) and Edward III (England), lasted 116 years, Edwardian War, Caroline War, and Lancastrian War (1337 to 1453)

Black Death

a major outbreak of plague, carried by rats, that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe

Magna Carta

the royal charter of political rights for nobility which nobles forced King John to sign

King John of England

tyrant king who signed the Magna Carta at the end of a conflict that was a result of high taxes

Henry II of England

Married Eleanor of Aquitaine and got French land from her, strengthened royal courts, introduced jury and common law

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners) in France.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Parliament

the lawmaking body of British government made up of the House of Lords (nobility) and House of Commons (middle class and knights)

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords shared their land to peasants for their labor

1st Crusade (1096-1099)

The pope ordered Crusaders to successfully take over Jerusalem (Israel) because Christians were being denied access and were threatening Constantinople.

2nd Crusade (1147-1149)

A failed attempt to recapture Jerusalem after 1st crusaders were pushed out

3rd Crusade (1189-1192)

King's Crusade - Richard the Lionheart, Philip II Augustus, Frederick Barbarossa. Saladin has Muslim opposing forces. The agreement between the king's and Saladin allows Christians to pilgrim to Jerusalem

4th Crusade (1202-1204)

European Crusaders, turn on one another. Constantinople is sacked.

Tithe

Church tax

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices

Urban II (1088-1099)

Called the First Crusade to help the beseiged Eastern Empire and to rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims

Joan of Arc (1412-1431)

\-Grew up in peasant family; very religious

\-Claimed that God told her that she was to free France and ensure coronation of dauphin Charles VII; gets army form him

\-At age 17 she rescued city of Orleans from siege in 1429 (turning point of war) and restored french sprit and confidence; charles crowned king in Reims

\-Captured by Burgundians (ENG allies); tried as witch and burned at stake

\-Slowly France reclaimed land and war finally ended in 1453 with only Calais as the remaining English territory in continental Europe

Chivalry

a code of behavior between feudal knights and nobles

lay investiture

A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies empty. It increased crop production

Philip II (Augustus) of France

King of France; 3rd Crusade; granted charters; organized army; created a national tax

Great Schism 2

Caused by Babylonian Captivity. A time when two Popes were in power Avignon, France vs Rome, Italy

Babylonian Captivity

The period when all popes were French and resided in Avignon, France, starting with Clement V. This angered Italians and led to the Great Schism.

Italian Renaissance

rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion

Northern Renaissance

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance

Perspective Drawing

A form of pictorial drawing to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye.

Patron

Financial supporter of the arts

Shakespeare

A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century.

Petrarch

Father of Humanism

Da Vinci

Mona Lisa, Vitruvian man, and The Last Supper

Michelangelo

Painted the Sistine Chapel, Pieta, Last Judgement and sculpted David

Raphael

Madronas and School of Athens

Rabelais

Gargantua and Pantagruel

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468); Gutenberg Bible

Middle Ages v. Renaissance

Connected with religion and church v. Connected to people's emotions and nature

Tudors

English royal family, dynasty founded by Henry VII

Machiavelli

wrote The Prince and founded Machiavellian

Vernacular

everyday language

Location of the Renaissance

Started in Italy and spread through Europe

Brunelleschi

El Domo

Donatello

Bronze David

Botticelli

Birth of Venus, Primavera

Dante

wrote the Divine Comedy

Boccaccio

Wrote the Decameron

Castiglione

wrote the Courtier

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441); Painted the Virgin and the Chancellor Rollin, Ghent Altarpiece, and Wedding Portrait

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Flemish Renaissance painter known for landscapes and depictions of peasant life; Painted Peasant Wedding

Erasmus

(1466-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not support the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

Medici Family

powerful banking family who ruled Florence in the 1400s, patrons of the arts

Secular

worldly; political

Durer

Focused on human proportions and famous woodcuttings

El Greco

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)

Cervantes

wrote Don Quixote

Queen Elizabeth I

ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

Frescoes

Paintings made on wet plaster walls

Cause of the Reformation - short term

Selling of indulgences by Pope Leo X and Tetzel; Luther's 95 thesis; printing press; German Bible; call for change

Cause of the Reformation - long term

Babylonian Captivity; Great Schism 2; Renaissance; Church corruption; Rising power of kings

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Luther

The founder of Protestantism whose religion, based on 95 Theses, rejected Catholic orthodoxy, the sale of indulgences, and papal authority. Started Lutheranism

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted religious freedom to Germany

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

Printing press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to copy documents which led to the rapid spread of information.

Phillip II of Spain

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England; he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Bloody Mary

Oldest daughter of Henry VIII. Queen of England from 1553-58. Known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England. She married Spain's Philip II.

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Zwingli

A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy.

John Knox

Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin. Presbyterianism

Salvation

(Christianity) the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil

Indulgence

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

A law enacted by the English Parliament, making the monarch the head of the Church of England.

95 Theses (1517)

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

Edict of Worms (1521)

This council was summoned by Charles V, condemned Luther's beliefs, and forbade Luther from preaching and declared him a heretic.

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.