AP African American Studies Unit 2b

Enslaved Narratives

primary sources from people who experienced enslavement, often poems, diary entries, biographies, pamphlets, etc.

Maria Stewart

The first black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston. Encountered vocal opposition and violence. Garrison published some of her lecture's in The Liberator.

Mutual Aid Societies

voluntary associations that provide a variety of economic and social benefits to their members

Maroon Societies

Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American. and the United States.

Self-emancipation

The act of freeing oneself from slavery. Many slaves self-emancipated and fled to Union territory.

Great Dismal Swamp

A heavily forested area on the Virginia-North Carolina border that served as a refuge for fugitive slaves during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Palenques/Quilombos

Communities of runaway slaves (the first being the Spanish word for the term, the second being the Portuguese word). Existed since the early years of slavery in the Americas as an important form of resistance. Occasionally worked with indigenous communities; many sought to replicate the social hierarchical models of African kingdoms.

Bayano

led a maroon community in wars against the Spanish for several years in Panama in the 16th century

Queen Nanny

18th century leader of the Jamaican Maroons (formally enslaved Africans). The Maroons fought a guerrilla war against the British in Jamaica. Defeated the British and signed a treaty with Queen Nanny and her followers in 1740.

Capoeira

a martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from Angolans who were taken there by the Portuguese from Africa

Congada

a celebration of the king of Kongo and Our Lady of the Rosary. Example of religious syncretism

manumission

the freeing of individual enslaved persons

Black Seminoles

Enslaved people who have run away and lived with the Seminole Native Americans. It is also a name given to the children of the Black and indigenous people living in Native territory.

Slave Patrols

Distinctively American form of law enforcement in southern states that sought to catch and control slaves through patrol groups that stopped and questioned African Americans on the roads and elsewhere in public places.

Five Nations

the Mohawk, the Oneidas, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca

Emigrationism

The push to emigrate back to Africa or go elsewhere where Africans could be free and engage in self-determination

Black Nationalism

a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

Paul Cuffee

A former slave who bought himself and became wealthy through the shipping industry; he has an epiphany that he must free his people, so uses his wealth and boats to buy up slaves and send them back to Africa. His idea helps form the American Colonization Society.

Martin R. Delany

Wrote about the Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent.

Anti-emigrationism

Opposition to the emigration of free African Americans. Believed in integration into American society.

integration

the act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

A self-educated enslaved man who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star and lectured with William Lloyd Garrison until they parted company on issues of prejudice in the North and secession of the South.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

Made it a federal crime to assist an escaping freedomseeker, and established the legal mechanism in which an enslaved individual, even in free territory, could be legally returned to their owners.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave; all that was needed to take away someone's freedoms was word of a white person; northerners required to help capture runaways if requested, suspects had no right to trial

Radical Resistance

Extreme forms of resistance against slavery, generally involved violent resistance, rebellions, uprisings, insurrections, etc.

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born enslaved on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Carte de Visite

A type of small paper photograph mounted on a thicker paper card popular in the mid-nineteenth century.

Harriet Jacobs

The Author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl - a compelling narrative that showed the harsh realities of enslavement for women.

Mary Prince

The author of The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave - a compelling narrative that showed the harsh realities of enslavement for women.

Sally Hemings

A slave who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Based on recent evidence from DNA and from the timing of Jefferson's visits to Monticello, most scholars now think it probable that Jefferson, a widower, was the father of one and possibly more of her four surviving children.

Robert Smalls

A sailor and later a Union naval captain, he was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism. He became a Congressman after the Civil War.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Union

Winner of the Civil War

Juneteenth

June 19th, the date celebrated as the anniversary of Emancipation Day for enslaved people in Texas

"Contraband of Civil War"

Escaped slaves now fighting for the Union

Freedom Days

Celebrations marking the end of slavery

General Order Three

Announces emancipation in Texas on June 19, 1865

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolishes and prohibits slavery, except as punishment for a crime.

14th Amendment (1868)

birthright citizenship, due process, equal protection. the 14th makes up the basis for most civil rights legislation and movements in US history.

15th Amendment (1870)

Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery)

Why We Sit Here and Die

Speech given by Maria Stewart

Brazil

Highest enslaved population in the Americas

Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable

First known settler to build a house and open a trading post in Chicago

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

What to the Slave is the 4th of July?

Frederick Douglass, 1852 Speech

Appeal (to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829))

Speech given by David Walker

Iowa Freedom Trail

people and places associated with the Underground Railroad in Iowa

Major General Gordon Granger

issues General Order #3 in Texas, marks Juneteenth

James Jordan

Founder of West Des Moines who used his property as a stop on the underground railroad, so was a "conductor"

Josiah B. Grinnell

Radical abolitionist who was a "conductor" on the underground railroad, founder of Grinnell, Iowa

United States Civil War

1861-1865 - War between the northern states and the southern states

54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment

-first all Black regiment to fight in the Civil War
-fought in 1863 on Morris Island, SC (trying to take Charleston)
-troops were not successful at overtaking Charleston
-bombarded Charleston for 50 days until the Confederates withdrew
-Victory for black Americans because it showed everyone that black men were brave and smart enough to fight