01A. Ecology (Lec1)

is soil biotic or aboitic?

It is mixture of both

Mule is from what

Horse and Donkey

What is Stable community

It is the one whose productivity remain relatively constant with time

Ecosystem vs Community

Community - diff living species living together

Ecosystem = living and non living together

hierarchy of organisation

Organism -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Biomes -> Biosphere

1. what is Producticity

2. What is biomass

1. It refers to the rate of biomass production

2. Dry weight of living organisms

Which soil layer is major for decomposition

1. Top layer

why tropical forest shave nutrient less top layer

becuase of presence of huge amount of microorganisms, they break the matter fastly

what is biosphere

earth has lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere but not all places are suitable for life, life is suitable in places where the above 3 interact. This is called biosphere

what is the depth of biosphere in general

it is 20km from bottm of the sea.

Biosphere is absent at which lattitudes

Extreme north and extreme south, although fungi and bacterial in spores form are present but they are dormant hence not part of biosphere

Habitat vs Microhabitat

Forest vs rotting tree long for a microorganism

environment vs habitat

Living organism cannot be enviroemnt but habitat have living organism

1. Niche

2. Fundamental niche vs realised niche

The functional role played by the specices within an ecosystem.

For example there are 3 specices of birds and they are on a tree and one bird eats leaves, one eats abrk, one eats fallen leaves so niche of bird 1 is leaves and 2 is bark and 3 is fallen leaves

supose bird 1 and 2 are absent then bird through would have survived everwhere hence the fundamental niche of bird 3 is everything, and its realised niche is fallen leaves

What is competetive exclusion

what is resource partition

that two species cannot indefinitely coexist while competing for the exact same limited resources (ecological niche) in the same habitat(due to niche overlap)

they partition the resources instead of competetive exclusion

1. what is Ecotone

2. Is biodiveristy high or low

3. are there any unique species just in ecotone and give example

4. Ecotype

5. Edge species

1. Zone of transition between 2 ecosystems

2. High because both sides species come here

3. Yes, Royal bengal tiger

4. these are the organism found only in ecotones, ex: royal bengal tifer

5. Species that occur at the boundary of ecotones ( they live at boundary so that they can get advantages of both the ecosystems, they are not genetically adapted for the ecotone, they are just normal species)

1. What is Ecocline

2. Give example

1. here there is no sudden transition, gradual transition like an incline(slope is not infinite)

2. Mountain

1. Primary productivity

2. Secondary productivity

3. Net vs gross

1. Rate of biomass production of plants(1% of incident energy)

2. rate of biomass production of herbivores and carnivores etc (follows 10% law)

3. Net = gross - respiration losses

phototrophs vs chemotrophs

produce food using light vs produce food using chemicals

Macro concumsers vs Micro consumers

1. Herbivores, carnivores vs detritivore and decomposer

Detritivore vs Decomposer

1. earthworm it eats the dead matter and digests it and excretes nutrients

2. ex: fungus, they dont eat the matter, they release chemicals, then some breakdown happens then they absorb some nutrients.

Aquatic ecosystems

1. Producers

2. Primary consumers

3. Secondary consumers

1. Blue green algae (cyano bacteria), phytoplanktons, diatoms

2. crustaceans(ex:crabs), zooplankton, small fish, formanifera

3. herrings, bigger fish, sharks etc

Main food chain in (more energy flow)

1. aquatic food chain

2. terrestial food chain

1. grazing food chain

2. detritus food chain (because more plant is dead than others eating , only fruits and seeds are eaten by herbivores, everything else is fallen and eaten by detrivores)

What is food web collapse

When the interconnected food chain of an ecosystem breaks down due to extinction of species

Pyramid of Numbers

1. Terrestial

2. Aquatic

1. can be upright or reverse depending on ecosystem we are considering (suppose one tree is sustaining many birds then it is reverse), can eb spindle shaped etc

2.

Pyramid of Biomass

1. Terretsial

2. Aquatic

1. Upright

2. Reverse (because phytoplanktons have generally small life time hence at any moment only few are present)

Pyramid of Energy

1. Terrestial

2. Aquatic

1. upright

2. Upright

always upright because of 10% rule of energy

herrings, diatoms, crustaceans - arrange in food chain order

diatoms - crustaceans(crabs) - herrings (fish)

what are copepods

they are small crustaceans

what are formanifera

they single celled primary consumers

Bioaccumulation vs Biomagnification(bio amplification)

1. If we look at one organism then over time the chemical gets accumulated in its body over its life

2. Due to contamination of lower trophic levels and when each organism in higher tropic level eats many organisms of lower trophic levels the chemical in higher trophic levels will be more than lower, it is called Biomagnification. Ex: DDT used for mosquitoes killing, entered water, entered fisha nd then vulture Ex: Diclofenac - painkillers for cows etc - reached vulture

hence most of vulture are critically endangered in India

Which will have more biomagnification? water soluble or water insoluble?

water insoluble, because fat soluble (water insoluble) will not be entered blood, they enter fat tissues in humans hence can't be filtered, hence fat soluble vitamins like vitamin-D are dangeroud in large quantities because they can't be excreted

Bioaccumulation

1. DDT

2. Minamata Disease (Mercury)

3. Dicofenac

1. Bald eagles - USA

2. Mercury poisoining in Humans due to amplification in Japan

3. Indian Vultures