Bio 120 A&P: chapter 1

anatomy

the study of body structure

physiology

the study of body function

the name of standard human body position?

anatomical position

anatomical position

• standing upright

• face forward

• arms at sides

• palms forward

• legs together

• feet flat on the floor and pointing forward

prone position

lying face down

supine position

lying face up

the several different levels of the anatomy of the human body are called?

structural complexities

chemical level (atoms)

the study of atoms and molecules in the body

cellular level

the study of human cells and their organelles

cells

the basic functional and structural units of all life

tissue (histological) level

the study of tissues

tissue

a group of related cells and their surrounding substance that together perform a common function

organ level

the study of body organs

organ

a group of tissues that together perform common functions. (organs often have recognizable shapes)

systemic (organ system level)

the study of systems

system

a group of related organs with common functions

organismic ( organismal) level

the study of the entire human organism

how many major body systems are there?

11

Major body systems?

integumetary

skeletal

muscular

nervous

endocrine

cardiovascular

lymphatic/immune

respiratory

digestive

urinary

reproductive

integumentary

componets : skin , hair , nails , sweat glands , and oil glands

Integumentary functions?

protection, perception, temperature regulation, vitamin D production

skeletal

components: bones, cartilage, and joints

skeletal function?

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production

muscular

components: skeletal muscles

muscular functions?

movement, posture, heat production

nervous

componets: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory structures

nervous functions?

detects and responds to changes in the enviroment

endocrine

glands that produce hormones

endocrine functions?

regulate body functions using chemical signals

cardiovascular

heart, blood vessels, and blood

cardiovascular function?

carries gases, nutrients, and wastes through the body

lymphatic/ immmune

lymph, lymphatic tissues, and structures, and some WBC's

lymphatic /immmune function?

fluid collection and transport, fat transport, protection against disease(immunity)

respiratory

lungs and airways

respiratory functions?

breathing and gas exchange

digestive

alimentary canal (GI tract) and accessory structures

digestive function?

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

urinary

kidneys and the structures that conduct and store urine

urinary function?

regulates body fluid volumes and composition, eliminates wastes, regulates pH, and calcium balance, regulates RBC production

reproductive

female and reproductive structures

reproductive function?

sperm/ova, productive, sexual reproduction

superior (cephalic)

upward

inferior(cadual)

downward

anterior(ventral)

toward the front

posterior(dorsal)

toward the back

medial

toward the midline( divides body into left and right halves)

lateral

away from the midline (toward the side of the body)

proximal

close to the point of origin of a structure

distal

far from the point of origin of a structure

superficial

at or near the surface

deep

away from the surface

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

parietal

against the outer wall of a body cavity

visceral

against the surface of a solid organ

intermediate

between

body plane

imaginary surfaces or slices through a body or body structure

sagittal

a longitudinal or vertical plane that divides the body into left and right

two types of sagittal?

parasagittal

midsagittal

parasagittal

divides the body into left and right sides but does not pass through the midline.

midsagittal (median)

divides the body into equal left and right halves and passes through the midline

transverse

horizontal or cross-sectional plane that divides the body into top and bottom parts

oblique

angular plane that crosses through the body at an angle that is neither horizontal nor vertical

frontal

coronal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

dorsal cavity contains…

cranial cavity

vertebral(spinal) cavity

cranial cavity

enclosed by the skull; contains the brain

vertebral(spinal) cavity

contains the spinal cord: spinal canal

ventral cavity contains…

thoracic cavity

abdominoplevic cavity

thoracic cavity

chest cavity; contains lungs and heart (located above the diaphragm)

abdomiopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity: mostly digestive structures

pelvic cavity: mostly urinary and reproductive structures

serous membrane: heart

1. parietal pericardium( outer layer)

2. visceral pericardium( inner layer)

3. pericardial cavity containing pericardial fluid

4. heart

serous membrane: lungs

1. parietal pleura( outer layer)

2. visceral pleura( inner layer )

3. pleural cavity containing pleural fluid

4. lung (underneath diaphragm)

serous membrane: abdominal

parietal peritoneum(outer layer)

visceral peritoneum(inner layer)

peritoneal cavity containing peritoneal fluid